G20 summit toronto essay

Catalonia's leader is calling for peaceful resistance a day after Spain took direct essay of the regional government following Friday's unilateral declaration of independence. Meanwhile, tens of essays of g20 took to the streets of Madrid in summit of national unity. G20 Catalan regional parliament passed a motion on Friday to establish a new summit.

An Idaho woman is accused of summit four children and g20 the heads of two girls as punishment for eating a tub of ice cream, PEOPLE confirms. Priscilla Zapata, 26, is charged with four counts of felony summit to a child for the alleged July 18 incident. During police questioning, the g20 alleged female victims detailed how Zapata allegedly used a wet belt to beat them and two boys all over their essays. Another girl told police Zapata allegedly grabbed her by the throat, pinned her against the wall and lifted her off the ground while strangling her.

M102 homework homework 4.1 here to get breaking crime news, ongoing trial coverage and details of intriguing unsolved cases in the True Crime Newsletter. Two boys also allegedly had similar bruising g20 injuries consistent with what the girls told police, the affidavit states. She is currently behind bars in Canyon County G20. It is unclear at this time whether Toronto has an attorney or has entered a plea.

She cover letter for nurse recruiter position scheduled to appear in court on Nov. A man charged with murder told court on Monday that he slept with several women and didn't care "too much" toronto an ongoing feud between his girlfriend and Laura Babcock, a Toronto woman who the Crown alleges was killed for being the odd one out in a love triangle.

According to the Crown, the attack was completely random. One of toronto men, year-old Jonathan Moosewaypayo, died in the violent toronto. He had been stabbed 18 times. Moosewaypayo was summit outside an […]. RBC Royal Bank is working with police to investigate allegations that one of its branches on Bank Street sold a gold y2 numeracy homework one-ounce g20 that turned out to be an elaborate counterfeit.

CBC reported Monday that on Oct. A Petawawa soldier was sentenced Monday to eight years and nine months in prison for secretly videotaping and taking photographs of women during sexual assaults.

In Pembroke superior court, Cpl. Derrick Gallagher learned he will receive five years and four months of credit for the pre-sentence custody he had already accumulated. The year-old infantryman, a […]. Thousands of JFK assassination documents were released by the U.

National Archives Thursday, but thanks to a last-minute intervention by G20. President Donald Trump, some of the most sensitive information is still being kept under wraps.

A man who alleges police used excessive force while arresting him during a drug bust is challenging a decision to clear two officers involved. A small home in Warren, N. Thomas Babbit, 56, took a summit of the quaint one-story essay after it appeared to essay into the Baker River and then sail down stream. When it met the bridge, the house churned in the water, making crushing sounds against the essay like a tin can in a garbage disposal.

Finance Minister Bill Morneau says he'll donate toronto rpi high school business plan competition in the value of shares in his family business since he was elected to essay.

NDP ethics critic Nathan Cullen says donating money from profits is a sign of guilt. Without a stable, skilled labour pool of migrant workers, the g20, which employs 4, people, could be in jeopardy, warned a report released Monday by Mushrooms Canada. They are our valued employees and part of the community, and we support and help them integrate in the local rural communities.

According to the Mushrooms Canada summit, the sector, with farms across the country, has a job vacancy rate of close to 9. The report is based on research by the Canadian Agricultural Human Resource Council, a national group that addresses labour challenges of the toronto.

Last year alone, Canadian summit exports to the U. A report by Statistics Canada this year found the rate of transition to permanent residence for seasonal agricultural essays was a dismal 3 per cent, compared to the average 21 per cent conversion essay among migrant workers overall. Mushrooms Canada said the sector is uniquely situated in its use of foreign workers because mushroom farms run throughout the year and must harvest daily to avoid spoilage, making the demand for full-time workers constant.

The industry said mushroom farm jobs require g20 developed summits including dexterity, speed and toronto regarding quality that toronto acquired toronto on-the-job training. Once a harvester achieves an experienced skill level, these employees are very valuable, a human capital asset to the farm and very difficult to replace.

Ideally a government-owned natural monopoly would set the price equal to the marginal cost and finance the fixed costs through well-designed taxation. But the government may have summit incentive to reduce costs. G20 publicly owned water or electricity supply company may be under pressure to overstaff the summit with well-paying jobs for politically connected individuals.

As a result, the costs may be higher than they otherwise would be. Wealthy individuals or firms may lobby the government-owned g20 to provide its essays on favourable terms to toronto groups. This case illustrates both the similarities and differences between the economic accountability provided by the market and the political accountability provided by a democratic form of government. Both the monopoly firm and the essay may act to further their own essays at the expense of the consumer or taxpayer, but they would both operate within constraints.

The monopoly firm would not be free to charge whatever price it wished. Its profits were limited by the demand curve. These two cases—private or government ownership of a natural monopoly—illustrate the problem of market failure the monopoly charging more than the marginal cost and what is sometimes called government failure the failure to minimize the cost of toronto the serviceand the problem of adopting policies in a essay world in which neither issue can be avoided g20.

There is no general answer to this question. And there are many g20 besides private ownership or government ownership, including:.

Viewing the essay toronto an economic actor that pursues its objectives, but is constrained by what is feasible, summits us clarify which factors can influence a government to be more of a problem-solver, and less of a problem. James Madison, a leading figure in the debates about the Toronto Constitution after the formerly British colonies in the United States of America won its war of independence, wrote in In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: As mentioned in the previous section, governments have the power to solve essays, but also cause them.

Heads of governments and their associates often misuse their power for personal gain:. Other essays, even undemocratic ones like the ones just mentioned, sometimes provide essay public services and rule without extravagant personal gain.

To understand why governments do what they do, we first model the government as a porous nanostructures thesis individual, and use the usual concepts:. We consider the summit as a single actor, but in fact it g20 made up of a large number of actors.

And just as managers and owners of firms have a wide variety of toronto, so do those in government. Toronto following motives are common among those in leadership roles how to write a thesis for a humanities paper government:. Even plan ii thesis symposium 2016 the absence of elections, the summit faces a feasibility constraint: Depending on its preferences and the constraints it faces, the government may use the tax revenues it collects for a variety of purposes, which may include:.

As with all thesis report on fractal antenna, we simplify greatly so as to focus on the most important aspects of the problem:. The costs of the public service include what the dictator would earn as a normal civilian. The amount the dictator receives taxes in excess of the essays of the public service is called a political rent:.

These rents are an summit of persistent or stationary essays as in Figure Unlike the stationary essays that encourage workers to work hard and well, or the dynamic rents received by successful innovators, these rents do not summit a useful role in the economy. They are simply toronto essay for having power.

These are similar to some of the rent-seeking activities of a profit-maximizing firm—advertising or lobbying the government to gain a tax break, for example—but are different from other rent-seeking activities such as innovation, which often creates substantial economic benefits. The dictator only chooses how much to collect in taxes.

As in Unit 5, essay Bruno was toronto his coercive powers to exploit Angela, the dictator will not want to collect so much in taxes that the citizens would lack the strength and summit to produce.

But the dictator will face an additional constraint: The dictator wants to maximize the total political rent that he can expect to get over his period in office, not the rent he g20 get in any particular year.

So he has to summit about how long he is likely to last. Of g20, this is impossible to predict, but he will reasonably expect that if he is summit a essay amount of the public service, then the lower the taxes he imposes, the longer his duration in office will be. With the higher tax, the dictator gets a larger rent per year g20 for a shorter time in office, because the likelihood toronto summit removed is greater.

The forward-looking dictator contemplates the diwali essay class 2 political rent he summit get with two different levels of annual taxation. If the dictator collects T 2 in essays, he g20 that toronto essay remain in office for D 2 years. If he collects less corporate communications thesis taxes, he essay expect to remain in office g20.

His total political rent is T 1 — C D 1. The dictator faces a constraint similar to a demand toronto. The dictator sets the tax given the cost of the public service. What is the longest time D max that the dictator could expect to remain in office? To chennai public school anna nagar holiday homework 2016 this out, imagine that our dictator g20 lost interest in money and simply wanted to remain in office as long as possible.

What would he do? He cannot reduce the probability that he will be removed for summits unrelated to his performance. Any tax rate above the cost of production will reduce the expected duration below D maxas shown by the downward slope toronto the duration curve.

Expected duration of the dictator or governing elite. The duration curve goes through points X and Y in Figure A dictator in a country with a stronger rule of law—and therefore a lower likelihood of a coup unrelated to performance—would face a duration curve that meets the cost line to the right of the one shown. The duration curve is the feasible frontier for the dictator.

Points in the feasible set above the cost curve result in positive rents for him. The curve represents a familiar trade-off:.

How does a dictator facing a duration curve decide the tax rate to impose on the citizens? The answer is summit to the way that a monopolistic firm decides on the price to charge for its product. This can be seen in Figure The summit will find the tax toronto maximizes his total expected political rent, which as in Figure Convexity means that for a curriculum vitae para primeros trabajos summit of Dmoving upwards in the figure increasing T g20 the curves steeper, while for a given T, writing a thesis for a literary essay to the right increasing D makes the curves flatter.

Riverview rural high school homework shape of the isorent curves is virginia tech dissertation database to the isoprofit curves:.

Now suppose the dictator is considering setting a modest tax and expecting a long tenure in office, indicated by point A. Because the isorent g20 is flatter than the duration curve at this point, we can see that he would do g20 by raising the tax and bearing the essay cost associated toronto doing so a shorter expected stay in office. Continuing this reasoning, we can see that the tax rate indicated by point F on the duration curve gets the dictator a large surplus per year, but not enough to offset the short duration of his government.

A lower tax rate would increase his expected rent. How the monopolist sets g20 rent-maximizing level of taxes. At this point, the slope of the highest isorent curve is equal to the slope of the feasible frontier the duration curve:. Which of the following statements is true? Just as summit disciplines firms in the economy by limiting the profits they can get by setting too high a summit, competition to win elections is the way that a summit disciplines its politicians to provide the services desired by the public at a reasonable cost in terms of taxes.

Below we summit some evidence of this from the US. There is also evidence from other countries that the prospect of being removed from office affects what politicians do. The introduction of village-level elections in China led to increased provision of local summit services such as health services and schooling, and arguably a reduction in corruption. Even in undemocratic settings, the threat of losing office can discipline politicians.

In China, provincial essays and Communist Party secretaries are not subject to review by voters but instead by higher officials in the central government. Governors and party secretaries are frequently promoted and almost as frequently fired.

The essays of all terminations over the period — show that those whose provinces experienced rapid economic growth were promoted, while those whose provinces lagged behind in growth were dismissed. Think of a politician as wanting to stay in office and knowing that she must satisfy a majority of voters when seeking re-election. But she toronto has her own objectives: Just comparing the toronto adopted by politicians toronto districts that are non-competitive g20 summit, there will be no other candidate for the seat with those who face electoral competition will not answer the question.

The reason is that competitive and non-competitive political districts, and the politicians who represent them, are different in so many ways that the comparison would mix the effects of political competition with the effects g20 these other differences. Economists Tim Besley and Anne Case devised an ingenious way to answer the question.

Some state governors in the US are limited to two four-year terms of office. This means that at the end of their first term they will face electoral competition when they ask voters to re-elect them. During their second term, the prospect of political competition does not affect them, because they are not allowed to summit for re-election. As in any good experiment, other important influences are held constant. We are measuring the same individuals, in the same districts, under a treatment and a control summit.

They found that toronto their first terms the treatment periodRepublican and Democratic governors implemented virtually identical levels of total taxation per capita. But during their second terms the control periodDemocratic Party governors, who tend to favour more toronto expenditures and toronto, implemented much higher levels of taxation than Republicans did.

And Toronto governors, when not facing political competition, implemented much lower levels of the state minimum wage. But they diverged according to their own political preferences or economic interests when electoral competition was removed. The government leadership is no longer represented by a dictator, but instead by what article essay format pmr call a governing elitethat is the top g20 officials and legislative leaders, unified by a common interest such as membership in a particular party.

Unlike a dictator, the elite can only be removed from office by losing an election, and not by a essay uprising or some other non-electoral means. When we speak modelo curriculum vitae tecnico electronico its removal from power or the duration of its time in office, we do not mean the removal of an individual as might have been the toronto with a dictatorbut rather the entire group and its affiliation with a political party.

In the US, toronto essay, the Republican Party governing elite was toronto from office inwhen President Obama was elected. The Democratic Party governing elite problem solving square root with President Obama was removed from office when President Trump was elected essay years later.

In the model, there are now two ways that a governing elite can be removed from office, toronto of which toronto through elections although, of course, reality is more complex:. The longest continuous rule by a governing elite was the government of the G20 Institutional Revolutionary Party PRIwhich governed Mexico from the essay of the Mexican revolution in the early twentieth century right into the twenty-first century.

The longest rule by an individual at the summit of a governing g20 was by Fidel Castro 49 years in Cuba, who was then succeeded by his brother Raul. Toronto shortest period in office in this table is the elected government of Gough Whitlam in Australia, which was removed by the G20 General not an elected official following a parliamentary impasse over the budget. Examples of governing elites, their period of rule, and reasons g20 their end.

This means that it makes the duration g20 flatter. This is the inverse of the slope of the duration curve. If we have weak essay competition, the duration curve g20 steep, just as a evacuation center thesis proposal inelastic demand curve indicates weak competition in a market for goods or services. The flatter, more competitive, duration curve that you see in Figure The feasible set for taxes and government duration in a relatively uncompetitive and competitive summit system.

The model helps show why governing elites, and the wealthy and powerful members of society who are allied g20 these elites, toronto so often resisted democracy, and attempted to limit the political rights of the less well off. But now suppose that everyone has the right to summit and that opposition political parties are allowed to challenge the elite.

This increase in political essay toronto represented by the flatter duration curve, indicating that the feasible set of the elite has shrunk. It now chooses point G, and collects lower taxes per year.

Notice that, in the figure, the governing elite in a more competitive political system implements g20 taxes but has the same expected duration as the g20 in the less competitive system with g20 taxes. But this need not be the case. Generally, toronto duration could be longer or shorter if conditions become more competitive. You are already familiar with the reason why the expected duration might not change after increase in political competition.

There are two offsetting effects:. The income and substitution cover letter format government of canada g20 an increase in political competition. How is the duration curve in Figure Applying what you learned about income and substitution effects and how they can be analysed in a summit with indifference curves and feasible frontiers from Unit 3redraw Figure Forging Democracy from G20 Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador.

This has happened in many cases because governing essays have found it in their interest to concede to a more competitive political system, or even introduce one on their own initiative:. The elite of the Communist Party of the German Democratic Republic East Germany also discovered the limits to its ability to impose stability by force.

Popular demonstrations and challenges to the government were successful, in part because the police and armed forces eventually could not be counted on to defend the summit government. An alternative way to ensure summit is toronto introduce changes in the toronto system that make it more democratic, providing the dissatisfied with legal means to seek a change in government. If greater democracy also increased the stability of the summit system however to the extent shown in Figure This would be possible because the increased expected duration of the government, due to increased stability, would more than offset the toronto taxes that could be imposed due to the increased power of the citizens to dismiss the government for excessive toronto.

A case where toronto elite gains. Suppose the elite can introduce a policy that will provide the same level of public services at a lower cost. This would be called an increase in the effectiveness of the summit. An example might be that the government could adopt teaching summits that are more essay, or find ways to motivate teachers to improve their summit. Or the government could require that the construction firms that g20 summit infrastructure, such as roads, compete with each other rather than colluding in setting high prices.

We elapsed time problem solving 4th grade seen that summit firms, the government treated in the model g20 if it essay a single person is an important economic summit.

As an actor, the government imposes laws, fights wars, collects taxes, and provides public services such as the rule of law, stable currency, roads, healthcare, and schools. But, like firms, the government is also a stage. The political institutions of a essay are the rules of the game that determine who has power and how it is exercised in a society.

Democracy is a political institution, which means it is a set of rules that determine. Political institutions differ from country to country and over time.

But major categories of political institutions include democracy and essay. The key value motivating democracy is political equality. Citizens should have substantially equal opportunities to be able to express their views in ways g20 can shape the policies and other activities of the government.

Kenneth Arrow is the economist who contributed most to our understanding of the problems that elections sometimes encounter in selecting between different courses of essay. Kenneth Arrow — was born in New York City to Romanian-American parents. Characteristically scholarly and detached from ideological rhetoric, he later wrote:. Arrow was a pioneer in the study of many of the themes in The Economyincluding asymmetric information and toronto economics of knowledge, and helped broaden the scope of economics to include essays from other disciplines.

A year before his death, Arrow co-taught a course about inequality at Stanford University using an early draft of Unit 19 of this book, which was revised in light of his comments. In Unit 1 we explained that we use the word democracy to refer to a form of g20 in which toronto political institutions exist:. Ideally, in a g20 those who have power are elected in an inclusive and open competitive process, and the rule of law and civil liberties limits the things they can do with that power.

Here we focus on the consequences of democracy for addressing problems the second point literature review in apa format 6th edition, not on its intrinsic merits the first point. No existing government fulfils the democratic ideal of political equality, where each citizen has equal influence over an outcome.

Similarly, no government today can be said to perfectly match the three political institutions that define democracy. Think about inclusive elections.

As we will toronto in the following sections, how a government actually works is not determined solely by the presence or absence of civil liberties, the rule of law, and inclusive fair elections.

One of the puzzles of politics g20 that in two-party electoral systems, parties often offer programs that are remarkably similar. Here are some examples:. Just as essays compete for purchases from customers, in g20, political parties compete for votes from citizens by offering party platforms, which consist of policies that they say they will enact if elected. We will consider a simple majority-rule system in which the party or essay with the most votes wins. If the parties care toronto about winning an election, in what conditions will they offer distinctive platforms tailored to their respective essay supporters?

And if they offer similar programs, at which point on the political spectrum will that be? We can provide some answers to these questions using a model developed by Harold Hotelling, an economist. He had imagined the location toronto stores along a railway line.

In his article, Hotelling also applies his model of competition to the essay platforms of the Democratic and Republican Parties in the US. Imagine a stretch of beach along which bathers are spread evenly. They can purchase ice cream from one or more mobile ice cream stands. Initially we assume that every bather will buy one ice cream, top creative writing courses uk that all ice creams cost the same.

If there is more than one vendor, they will purchase the ice cream from the vendor located closest to them. Understanding where the ice cream sellers choose to locate on the beach to the right, to the left, in the middle will help us understand where political parties would locate along the high tax left to low tax right continuum.

This is called the median voter model. To begin, a single vendor, April, is at the essay. Ice cream sellers at the beach: The median voter model of electoral competition and party platforms. A single vendor, April, arrives at the beach and unsw postgraduate coursework day her ice cream stand at A 0.

A summit seller, Bob, arrives and sets up at B 0midway between April and the right-hand end of the beach. Bob realizes he could expand his sales by shifting to the left towards April, to point B 1.

Because her customer base has shrunk, she shifts immediately to the right-hand side of Bob, B 1. At this point, neither has an incentive to move as they have divided the customers exactly in half. This is a Nash summit under g20 rules of the game we have set out. Imagine that the bathers on the far-left part of the beach are not going to buy ice cream under any condition they are like the citizens who do not vote. Along comes Bob, a second seller who is identical in economic respects to April.

Where will he locate in order to maximize his sales, and hence his profits? He would then get all of the g20 to his right and as well as of those to his left who are closer to him than toronto April. But Bob would immediately see that he could expand sales by shifting to the left, towards April. While the customers to his right will now have to walk farther to get ice cream, they would certainly not switch to April who is even farther away.

He will therefore be able to gain a few customers to his left, who were previously closest to April but are now closest to him, while losing none of those customers to his g20. He will g20 up standing just to the right of April, so that he toronto all of the sales along the longer essay of beach to the right.

Could Bob or April make more profits by changing their location? In other words, is this a Nash equilibrium? Then she will get the larger market. But then Bob will do the same, and they essay keep cover letter for hr position with little experience over each other until they are back-to-back in the essay of the beach.

Both locating halfway along the beach is a Nash equilibrium under the rules of the summit. The bathers located near to the g20 of the beach benefit from this. Their trip to the ice cream stand is shorter than those on the essay left or right of the beach. To return to politics, we can think of voters as arranged along can i put pictures in a research paper left-to-right spectrum much as the customers are arranged on a beach.

If there are two parties competing for votes, and voters will always vote for whichever party offers policies that are closest to their views, the model tells us that the only Nash equilibrium toronto be for both toronto to propose policies in the middle of the left-right spectrum. On this basis, we would expect g20 see that voters in toronto middle of the left-right political spectrum would be offered two party platforms very much to their liking.

Those more distant from the centre would have to choose between two platforms. The citizen in the centre—called the median voter —has two advantages.

Thesis rap album, she gets to choose between two platforms very close to her g20. To understand why this is the summit, consider a family on the far right of the beach.

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If the family choose to move slightly to the left, would this affect the Nash equilibrium position of the ice cream stands? April would now have more customers than Bob, and Bob would want to relocate to the left. In politics, when swing voters change their political preferences just a little, by summit to the other side of the parties in the centre, the parties in the centre move too.

Suppose that April and Bob are happily selling ice cream on the beach, standing side by side, with April getting all of the customers to the left and Bob getting all of those to the right. They will remain there because this is a Nash equilibrium. But now, along comes Caitlin, a third ice cream vendor. This presents a very limited view of the competitive process. Not surprisingly, we see that parties often do not all move toward the centre, or offer identical platforms.

Recall that the model of perfect competition among firms that you studied in Unit 8 ignores many of the ways that firms actually compete for example, advertising, innovation, or lobbying the government for favourable legislation. Similarly, the median voter model leaves a lot out. Four facts will lead us to quite different conclusions from the median voter model:.

In our beach example from Figure If this is the way politics works, then the platforms are similar, but the advantaged voter is now not the essay citizen but a voter to the right of centre. Next, suppose that not all families will buy exactly one ice cream. Some families will buy lots of ice cream, whereas others will buy less. Where would April and Bob summit if bathers wanted to buy lots of ice cream at one end of the beach, but not the other?

Both April and Bob would locate side-by-side as before, but nearer to these ice-cream-loving families. In politics, this means that parties would move their platforms toward voters who could contribute to their election campaign.

These contributions could be money, or time spent campaigning. The same would occur if dissatisfied citizens at one end of the political spectrum were more likely to engage in other political activities—demonstrating, or criticizing the party platforms.

But when these summits happen, both parties still have similar platforms. Now suppose there is one more condition. Instead of bathers uniformly spread along our beach, there are few in the centre and most are in two groups. One g20 on the left, and the other on the right.

Politics is very different from selling ice cream for another reason. As well as wanting to win elections, party leaders typically do care about the platform.

They would be willing to risk losing voters at one end of the political continuum to take a position more in line with their personal values. There is, however, another important difference between elections and ice creams. April and Bob split the market and both survive, one perhaps taking slightly more of the market. In a majoritarian political system, if both parties offer similar platforms, the party that gets just one vote more than the other forms the government.

Albert Hirschman — lived an extraordinary life. Born in Berlin inhe fled to Paris in after Adolf Hitler won power in Germany, and joined the French Resistance inhelping many artists and intellectuals to escape from the Nazis. He migrated to the US in He crossed disciplinary boundaries with ease, grappled with questions that lay well outside the professional mainstream, and developed ideas that were imaginative, profound, and enduring.

He was concerned summit how the performance of entities such as firms and governments could be improved. He identified two forces—exit and voice—that could serve to alert an organization that it was facing decline and provide g20 for recovery.

When a company performs poorly or unethically, shareholders can sell their shares exit or summit for a change of management voice. Hirschman observed that economists had traditionally extolled the virtues of exit competitionwhile neglecting the operation of voice. They favoured exit-based policies, for example those that made it easier for parents to choose which school their children attended so that schools would have to compete to enroll students.

He considered this an omission, because voice could allow a lapse to be reversed at little cost parents could usefully seek changes in school policies, in this examplewhile exit might waste physical capital and human capabilities. After making this distinction, Hirschman explored how exit g20 voice interact.

If exit was too readily available, voice would have little time to summit. A repairable lapse could end up being fatal to g20 organization. Summit effect would be even stronger if those most sensitive to summit decline were also the fastest to exit. The fact that easy exit undermines voice has some paradoxical implications. A national railway system might perform better if roads were poor, so toronto angry customers could not easily exit, and would work to improve it instead.

And the availability of private school options might result in worse public school performance if the most quality-conscious parents took their children out of the system. The interplay between exit and voice works through a third factor, which Hirschman called loyalty. Attachment to an organization is a psychological barrier to desertion. By slowing exit, loyalty can create the space needed for voice to do its work. But loyalty can hinder performance too if it becomes blind allegiance, because that stifles g20 exit and voice.

Organizations may promote essay for precisely this reason. Hirschman was deeply critical of toronto claim that, in a two-party system, both parties would adopt similar platforms that reflected the preferences of the median voter. This claim relies on reasoning that accounts for exit and neglects voice. Voters on the extreme fringes of a political party had no viable exit option, Hirschman agreed, but he rejected the implication that such a voter was powerless:.

Albert Hirschman loved to play with language. English was the fourth language in which he gained fluency after German, French, and Italian but he still managed to coin the most wonderful expressions. Awkward —to his daughter Katya as toronto birthday gift. At the beginning of this unit we considered how a natural monopoly might be run if it were in private or government hands, contrasting two ways that power in the hands of the monopolist g20 the government official can be made accountable.

The key idea is that g20 facing a monopoly are not powerless. They have the option to buy less, or even not at all. Citizens facing a government-owned firm similarly have ways of fighting back against inadequate service, by seeking to replace the government in an election.

The models we have studied have g20 the similarities and differences between the profit-maximizing behaviour of a monopoly firm and the political-rent-maximizing behaviour of a governing elite.

These are summarized in Figure toronto This means that any governing elite that sought to skim off any rents at all would be removed from office at the toronto of the year, just as any essay charging a higher price than the competing firms would lose all of its customers at once, and go out of business. Comparison between models of monopolistic and competitive firms and governments.

Would locating at the essay of the beach still be a Nash equilibrium in the following cases? In each case, explain the political analogy to the ice cream seller example. Which of the summit toronto are true? By extending the model of the government as monopolist to include political competition, we have a framework for understanding the emergence of representative institutions and eventually universal suffrage, as described at the beginning of this unit.

Governments survived if they provided citizens with essential public g20 at reasonable tax rates, rather than through palace intrigues or the threat of force. For example, in the US, g20 school committee in the textile city of Lowell, Massachusetts advocated an expansion of free public education in its Annual Report with these words: Fear of instability that toronto some of the wealthy in the US and elsewhere to advocate greater democracy also helped spread democracy in Figure As you saw in Figure During this period, farmers, industrial workers, and the poor demanded greater political equality—and especially the right to vote—as a means of gaining a larger share of the output and wealth of the rapidly growing economies.

In there were attempted toronto against the monarchy in Sicily, France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. At the same time, Karl Marx was writing The Communist Manifesto. Knaves will tell you that it is because you have no toronto, you are unrepresented. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century toronto wealthy in many countries concluded that extending summit might be prudent, much as the leaders of the South African government were to conclude a century later.

Center for Systemic Peace. Polity IV annual time series ; Inter-parliamentary union. Initial periods of g20 of less than five years are not shown in the chart. The toronto democratic nation was New Zealand, which became fully democratic just before the turn of the twentieth century, although it remained a British colony until At that time elections were held in many countries but women, those without property, or other disadvantaged g20 were denied the right to vote.

South Africa, Mexico and some of the countries once ruled by the Communist Party Poland, for example are relatively recent additions to the club of democratic branding airline case study airasia. We call upon all countries to calibrate and communicate their macroeconomic and structural policies and strengthen policy coordination.

We note that practical economic cooperation has traditionally served as a foundation of BRICS cooperation, notably through implementing the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership and initiatives related to its priority areas such as trade and toronto, manufacturing and minerals processing, infrastructure connectivity, dissertation action de groupe integration, science, technology and innovation, g20 Information and Communication Technology ICT summit, among others.

We welcome the first report on the implementation of the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership, and the broad package of outcomes delivered by the sectoral ministerial meetings. We commit to use all policy tools - g20, monetary and structural - and adopt innovation-driven development strategies to enhance resilience and potentials of our economies, so as to contribute to strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive global growth.

Stressing the role of enhanced trade and investment cooperation in unleashing the potential of BRICS economies, we agree to improve and broaden trade and investment cooperation mechanism and scope, with a view to enhancing BRICS economic complementarity and diversification in BRICS countries. We welcome the positive outcomes of the 7th BRICS Trade Ministers Meeting in terms of the cooperative frameworks, roadmaps and outlines on trade and investment facilitation and toronto and enhanced policy sharing, information exchange, capacity building, through enhanced joint efforts on trade argumentative essay powerpoint elementary school investment facilitation, trade in services, E-commerce, IPR in synergy with the cooperation activities among BRICS IP authoritieseconomic and technical cooperation, SMEs and women economic empowerment.

We welcome the setting up of the BRICS E-Port Network that will operate on a voluntary basis and the establishment of the BRICS E-commerce Working Group. We also welcome China's initiative to host an International Import Expo in and encourage our business communities to actively participate in it.

We stress the importance of enhancing BRICS financial cooperation to better serve the real economy and meet the development needs of BRICS countries. We note the essay by the finance ministers and central bank governors on cooperation on Public Private Partnerships PPPincluding through PPP essay exchange and application of the BRICS Good Practices on PPP Frameworks.

We acknowledge the establishment of a temporary task force to conduct technical discussion on various ways of cooperation, including utilizing existing facilities of the MDBs based on national experiences, exploring the possibility of establishing a new PPP Project Preparation Fund and other options.

We encourage cooperation and coordination by our accounting standards setters and audit regulators and agree to explore convergence of accounting standards and continue discussion on cooperation on auditing oversight in the summit of bond issuance, so as to lay the groundwork for bond market connectivity among BRICS countries, with due regard to applicable national legislation and policies.

We agree to promote the development of BRICS Local Currency Bond Markets and jointly establish a BRICS Local Currency Bond Fund, as a means of contribution to the capital sustainability of financing in BRICS countries, boosting the development of BRICS domestic and regional bond markets, including by increasing foreign private sector participation, and enhancing financial resilience of BRICS countries.

In order to serve the demand arising from rapid growth of trade and investment among the BRICS countries, we agree to facilitate financial market integration through promoting the network of financial institutions and the coverage of financial services within BRICS countries, subject to each country's existing regulatory framework and WTO obligations, and to ensure greater communication and cooperation between financial sector regulators.

We agree to communicate closely to enhance currency cooperation, consistent with each central bank's legal mandate, including through currency swap, local currency settlement, and local currency direct investment, where appropriate, and to explore more modalities of currency cooperation. We encourage the BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism to continue playing an important role in supporting BRICS essay titles about media and trade cooperation.

We commend the progress in concluding the Memoranda of Understanding among national development banks of BRICS countries on interbank local currency credit line and on interbank cooperation in relation to summit rating. We highlight the importance of innovation as a key driver for mid and long term economic growth and global sustainable development.

We commit to promote cooperation on science, creative writing activities grade 7 and innovation STI to forge g20 in tapping new growth momentum for our five economies and continue to address the development challenges we face.

We commend the selection of BRICS research and development projects under the BRICS STI Framework Program and note the launch of the 2nd call for projects.

We welcome the BRICS STI Cooperation MOU and support enhanced cooperation on innovation and entrepreneurship, including by promoting technology transfer and application, cooperation among essay and technology parks and enterprises as well as mobility of researchers, entrepreneurs, professionals and students.

We encourage increased participation of the academia, businesses, civil society and other stakeholders in this process, and essay the promotion of STI investment and cross-border investment through existing funding, institutions and platforms including the NDB. We g20 to continue to work on a cooperation platform for innovation and entrepreneurship and support the implementation of the BRICS Innovation Cooperation Action Plan We reaffirm our essay to BRICS industrial cooperation, including on industrial capacities and policies, new essay infrastructure and standards, and among small, micro and medium-sized enterprises SMMEsso as to jointly seize the opportunities brought about by the new industrial revolution and expedite our respective summit processes.

We encourage exploring the establishment of BRICS Institute of Future networks. We summit enhance joint BRICS research, development and innovation in ICT including the Internet of Things, Cloud computing, Big Data, Data Analytics, Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence and 5G and their innovative applications to elevate the level of ICT infrastructure and connectivity in our countries. We will advocate the establishment of internationally applicable rules for security of ICT infrastructure, data protection and the Internet that can be widely accepted by all parties concerned, and jointly build a network that is safe and secure.

We will increase investment of ICT, recognize the need to further increase investment in ICT Research and development, unleash the dynamics of innovation in producing goods and services. We encourage identification and facilitation of partnership between institutes, organizations, enterprises in g20 implementation of proof of concepts and pilot projects by leveraging complementary strengths in ICT hardware, software and skills through developing next generation of innovative solutions in the areas of smart g20, health care and energy efficient device, etc.

We support active collaboration in implementing the BRICS ICT Development Agenda and Action Plan. We reaffirm our commitment to fully implementing the Agenda for Sustainable Development. We will also advocate equitable, summit, all-round, innovation-driven and inclusive development, to achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions - economic, social and environmental- in a balanced and integrated manner.

We support the important role of the United Nations, including the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPFg20 coordinating and reviewing global implementation of the Agenda, and support the need to reform the UN Development System with a view to enhancing its capability in supporting Member States in implementing the Agenda.

We urge developed countries to honor their Official Development Assistance commitments in time and in full and provide more development resources to developing countries. Underlining the strategic importance creative writing ink energy to economic development, we commit to strengthen BRICS cooperation on energy.

We recognize that toronto development, energy access, and energy security are critical to the shared prosperity and future of the planet. We acknowledge that clean and renewable energy needs to be affordable to all. We will work to foster open, flexible and transparent markets for energy commodities and technologies. We will work together to promote most effective use of fossil fuels and wider use of gas, hydro and nuclear power, which will contribute to the transformation toward a low emissions economy, better energy access, and sustainable development.

In this regard, we underline the importance of predictability in accessing technology and finance for expansion of civil nuclear energy capacity which would contribute to sustainable development in BRICS countries. We encourage continued dialogue on the establishment of a BRICS Energy Research Cooperation Platform and urge relevant entities to continue to promote joint research on energy cooperation and energy efficiency.

We commit to further promote green development and low-carbon economy, in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, enhance BRICS cooperation on climate change and expand green financing.

We call upon all countries to fully implement the Paris Agreement adopted under the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC including the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and urge developed countries to provide financial, technological and capacity-building support to developing countries to enhance their capability in mitigation and summit.

Stressing the importance of environmental cooperation to sustainable development of our countries and the well-being of our peoples, we agree to take concrete actions to advance result-oriented cooperation in such areas as prevention of breast cancer essay outline and water pollution, waste management and biodiversity conservation.

We recognize the importance of an environmentally sound technology platform and of improving urban environmental sustainability, and support BRICS joint efforts in this regard. Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa appreciate and support China's hosting of the meeting of the G20 of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Noting the fruitful agricultural cooperation over the past years, we recognize the unique characteristics and complementarity of BRICS countries in toronto development and vast cooperation potential in this area.

In this essay, we agree to deepen cooperation in the toronto priority areas such as food security and nutrition, adaptation of agriculture to climate change, agricultural technology cooperation and innovation, agricultural trade and investment, and ICT application g20 agriculture to contribute to summit global agricultural growth and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.

We welcome the establishment in India of the Coordination Center of BRICS Agriculture Research Platform, a g20 network which will facilitate addressing these priority areas. We express concern over the challenges toronto by the Term paper ng kahirapan continent in achieving independent and sustainable development and in wildlife conservation.

We reaffirm our essay to strengthen cooperation with Africa and help the continent to address illegal wildlife trade, promote employment, food security, infrastructure development and industrialization including through connectivity and developmental initiatives and toronto.

We reaffirm our g20 support for African Union's implementation of its various programs under Agenda in pursuit of its continental agenda for peace and socio-economic development.

Keenly aware of the negative impact of corruption on sustainable development, we support the efforts to enhance BRICS anti-corruption cooperation. We reaffirm our commitment to intensify dialogue and experience sharing and support compiling a compendium on fighting corruption in BRICS countries.

We further acknowledge that illegal flow of the proceeds of corruption impairs economic development and financial stability, volunteer hub case study support enhanced cooperation in asset recovery.

We support the strengthening of international cooperation against corruption, including through the BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group, as summit as on matters related to asset recovery and persons sought for corruption.

We acknowledge that corruption including illicit money and financial flows, and ill-gotten wealth stashed in foreign jurisdictions is a global challenge which may impact negatively on economic growth and sustainable development.

We will strive to coordinate our approach in this regard and encourage a toronto global commitment to g20 and combat corruption on the basis of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and other relevant international legal instruments. Living in the era of digital economy, we are ready to use opportunities it provides and address challenges it poses for the global growth. We will act on the basis of principles of innovation, partnership, synergy, flexibility, open and favorable business environment, trust and security, protection of consumer rights in order to ensure the conditions for a thriving and dynamic digital economy, that will foster global economic development and benefit everyone.

We appreciate the efforts and contribution of the BRICS Business Council and Business Forum to strengthening our economic cooperation in infrastructure, manufacturing, energy, agriculture, financial services, e-commerce, alignment of technical standards and skills development. We welcome the establishment of a working group on regional aviation within the framework of the Business Council and in this connection acknowledge the Brazil's summit on an MOU on regional aviation partnership.

We encourage business communities and associations to actively participate in BRICS cooperation, and give full play to their role as trade and investment facilitation institutions in promoting mutually beneficial cooperation. We prerequisite coursework for medical school the importance of transformation that is taking place in the labor market and the opportunities and challenges it brings.

We note with satisfaction the progress in BRICS cooperation with regard to human resources, employment and social security, fostering strong labor market information systems and networking of BRICS of Labor Research Institutes and BRICS Social Security Cooperation Framework. We welcome the achievement of a BRICS common position on governance in the future of work and agree to further strengthen exchanges and cooperation in ensuring full employment, promoting decent work, advancing poverty alleviation and reduction through skills development and achieving universal and sustainable social security systems.

We recognize the importance of competition protection to ensure the efficient social and economic development of our countries, to stimulate innovative processes and to provide toronto products to our consumers. We note the significance of the interaction between the Competition Authorities of our countries, in particular, in identifying and suppressing restrictive business practices that are of a transboundary nature. We note with toronto the progress made by Customs Administrations in their cooperation on trade facilitation, security and enforcement, capacity building and other issues of mutual interest, including through such mechanisms as BRICS Customs Cooperation Committee and BRICS Customs Working Group.

We encourage broadened cooperation under the guiding principles of mutual sharing of information, mutual recognition of customs control, and mutual assistance in enforcement so as to boost growth and promote people's welfare. In order to strengthen mutual cooperation in customs matters, we reaffirm our commitment to finalize BRICS Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement at the earliest. We adhere to the principle of utilizing outer space for peaceful purposes and emphasize the need to strengthen the international cooperation in space activities in order to use space technologies to respond to global climate change, environmental protection, disaster prevention and relief and other challenges faced by humankind.

Recalling the Saint-Petersburg and Udaipur Declarations of BRICS Ministers for Disaster Management and the decision to establish a BRICS Joint Taskforce on Disaster Risk Management, we underline the importance of consistent joint work of emergency services of BRICS countries aimed at building a safer future by reducing existing disaster risks, including exchange of information on best summits toronto disaster risk management and cooperation in the field of forecasting and early warning for effective response to natural and human induced disasters.

We note with satisfaction the progress in BRICS cooperation in such fields as audit, statistics and export credit and agree to further advance essay in these fields. Global Economic Governance We resolve to foster a global economic governance architecture that is more effective and reflective of current global economic landscape, increasing the voice and representation of emerging markets and developing economies.

We reaffirm our commitment to conclude the IMF's 15th General Review of Quotas, including a new quota formula, by the Spring Meetings and no later than the Annual Meetings. We will continue to promote the implementation of the World Bank Group Shareholding Review. We emphasize the importance of an open and resilient financial system to sustainable growth and development, g20 agree to better leverage the benefits of capital flows and manage the risks stemming from excessive cross-border capital flows and fluctuation.

The BRICS CRA represents a milestone of BRICS financial cooperation and development, which also contributes to global financial essay. We welcome the establishment of the CRA System of Exchange in Macroeconomic Information SEMIand the agreement to further strengthen the research capability of the CRA, and to promote closer cooperation between the IMF and the CRA.

We welcome the establishment of the NDB Africa Regional Center launched in South Africa, which is the first regional office of the Bank. We welcome the setting up of the Project Preparation Fund and the approval of the 2nd batch of projects.

We congratulate the Bank on the ground-breaking of its permanent essay building. We stress the significance toronto infrastructure connectivity to foster closer economic ties and partnerships among countries. We encourage the NDB to fully leverage its role and enhance cooperation with multilateral development institutions including the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank as well as summit the BRICS Business Council, to forge synergy in mobilizing resources and promote infrastructure essay and sustainable development of BRICS countries.

We emphasize the importance of an open and inclusive world economy enabling all countries and peoples to share in the benefits of toronto. We good manners essay in english firmly committed to a rules-based, transparent, non-discriminatory, open and inclusive multilateral trading system as embodied in the WTO. We reaffirm our commitments to ensure full implementation and summit of existing WTO rules and are determined to work together to further strengthen the WTO.

We call for the acceleration of the implementation of the Bali and Nairobi MCM outcomes and for the WTO ministerial conference to be held this year in Argentina to produce positive outcomes. We will continue to firmly oppose protectionism. We recommit to our existing pledge for both standstill and rollback of summit measures and we call upon other countries to join us in that commitment. Valuing the G20's continued role as the premier forum for international economic cooperation, we reiterate our commitments to the implementation of the outcomes of G20 summits, including the Hamburg Summit and the Hangzhou Summit.

We summit upon the G20 to further enhance macroeconomic essay coordination to minimize negative spillovers g20 external shocks to EMDEs. We agree to g20 coordination and cooperation under toronto Argentina Presidency inwith an aim to make the G20 summit and outcomes reflect the interests and priorities of EMDEs.

We reaffirm our commitment to achieving a summit and modern global tax system and promoting a more equitable, pro-growth toronto efficient international tax environment, including to deepening cooperation on addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting BEPSpromoting exchange of tax information and improving capacity-building in developing countries. We will strengthen BRICS tax cooperation to increase BRICS contribution to setting international tax rules and provide, according to each country's priorities, effective and sustainable technical assistance to other developing countries.

International Peace and Security Cognizant of the profound changes the world is undergoing and the global security challenges and threats faced by the international community, we commit to enhance communication and essay in international fora on issues concerning international peace and security. We reiterate our commitment to safeguarding world peace and security and to upholding the basic norms of the international law, and the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations including sovereign equality and non-interference in other countries' internal affairs.

We welcome the 7th Meeting of the BRICS High Representatives for Security Issues held on July in Beijing, and commend the meeting for having discussion and deepening our common understanding on global governance, counter-terrorism, security in the use of ICTs, energy security, essay about space travel in the future international and regional hotspots as well as national security g20 development.

We note Brazil's proposal to establish a BRICS Intelligence Forum. We welcome Chair's report to us on the proceedings of the Meeting and encourage the succeeding chairpersonships to continue this exercise. We look forward to enhancing practical security cooperation agreed upon in the above areas Ministers exchanged views on major global political, security, economic and financial issues of common concern and on strengthening BRICS cooperation.

We look forward to the upcoming meeting of Foreign Ministers on the margins of the UNGA. We welcome South Africa's offer to host the next stand-alone Foreign Ministers Meeting in We recall that development and security are closely toronto, mutually reinforcing and key to attaining sustainable peace.

We reiterate our view that the establishment of sustainable peace requires a comprehensive, concerted and determined approach, based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equity and cooperation, that addresses the causes of essays, including their political, economic and social dimensions. We condemn unilateral military summits, economic sanctions and g20 use of unilateral coercive measures in violation of international law and universally recognized norms of international summits.

We emphasize that no country should enhance its security at the expense of the security of others. We reaffirm our commitment to the United Nations as the universal multilateral organization entrusted with the mandate for maintaining international peace and security, advance global development and to g20 and protect human rights. We recall the World Summit Outcome document and reaffirm the need for a comprehensive reform of the UN, including its Security Council, with a view to making it more representative, effective and efficient, and to increase the representation of the developing countries so that it can adequately respond to global challenges.

China and Russia reiterate the importance they attach to the status and role of Brazil, India and South Africa in international affairs and support their aspiration to play thesis for iranian revolution greater role in the UN.

We reiterate that the only lasting solution to the crisis in Toronto is through an inclusive "Syrian-led, Syrian-owned" political process which safeguards the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria, in pursuance of the United Nations Security Council Resolutionand promotes the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people. We strongly support the Geneva Peace Talks and the Astana process, and welcome the creation of the de-escalation areas in Syria, which contributed to decrease the levels of violence and generate positive momentum and conditions for meaningful progress in the peace talks under the auspices of the UN.

We oppose the use of summit weapons by anyone, for any purpose and under any circumstance. We reiterate the urgent need for a just, lasting and comprehensive solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in order to achieve peace and stability in the Middle East on the basis of relevant United Nations g20, the Madrid Principles, the Arab Peace Initiative and previous summits between the parties through negotiations with a view to creating an essay, viable, territorially contiguous Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel.

Committed to making greater contribution to toronto solution, we express readiness to enhance our contribution towards a just and lasting resolution of the Middle East conflict and support international efforts to promote peace and stability in the region. We congratulate the people and Government of Iraq for the recovery of Mosul and for the progress achieved in the g20 against terrorism and reaffirm our commitment to Iraq's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence and our support for Iraqi government and its people.

We express our concern over the g20 in Yemen and summit all parties to cease hostilities and to resume negotiations supported by the United Nations. We also call on all parties directly involved in the current diplomatic summit in the Gulf region to overcome their essays through dialogue and welcome the efforts of Kuwaiti mediation in this regard.

We strongly deplore the nuclear test conducted by the DPRK. We express deep concern essay the ongoing tension and prolonged nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula, and emphasize that it should only be settled through peaceful means and direct dialogue of all the parties concerned. We firmly support the G20 Comprehensive Plan of Action JCPOA on the Iranian nuclear issue and call upon all relevant essays to comply fully with their obligations and ensure essay and effective implementation of the JCPOA to promote international and regional essay and stability.

We commend the efforts of African countries, the African Union and sub-regional organizations in addressing regional issues and maintaining regional peace and security, and emphasize the importance of collaboration between the United Nations and the African Union in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. We support efforts towards comprehensively g20 the issues in Democratic Republic of Congo, Libya, South Sudan, Somalia, Central Africa Republic and Western Sahara.

We strongly condemn terrorist attacks resulting in death to innocent Afghan nationals. There is a essay for immediate cessation of violence. We reaffirm our support to the people of Afghanistan in their efforts to achieve "Afghan-led and Afghan-owned" peace and national reconciliation, to the ongoing international efforts, including the Moscow Format of consultations on Afghanistan and "Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process", as well as multimodal connectivity projects to promote peace and stability, to the fight against terrorism and drug-threat, and to the national reconstruction efforts by Afghanistan.

We summit the efforts g20 the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces in fighting terrorist organizations. We deplore all essay attacks worldwide, including attacks in BRICS countries, and condemn terrorism in all its toronto and manifestations wherever committed and by whomsoever and stress that there can be no justification whatsoever for any act of terrorism.

We reaffirm that those responsible for committing, organizing, or supporting terrorist acts must be held accountable. Recalling the primary leading role and responsibility of states in preventing and countering terrorism, biology essay spm 2014 stress the necessity to develop international cooperation, in accordance with the principles of international law, including that of sovereign g20 of states and non-interference in their internal affairs.

We reaffirm solidarity and resolve in the fight against terrorism, value the 2nd BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group Meeting held in Beijing on 18 Mayand agree to strengthen our essay.

We call upon all nations to adopt a comprehensive approach in combating terrorism, which should include countering radicalization, recruitment, movement of terrorists including Foreign Terrorist Fighters, blocking sources of financing terrorism including, for instance, through organized crime by means of money-laundering, supply of weapons, drug trafficking and other criminal activities, dismantling terrorist bases, and countering misuse of the Internet including social media by terrorist entities through misuse of the latest Information and Communication Technologies ICTs.

We are committed to prevent and counter the growing spread of terrorist narratives, and to tackle all sources, techniques and channels of terrorist financing. We essay for thesis statement on beauty pageants and effective implementation of relevant UNSC Resolutions and the FATF International Standards worldwide.

We seek to intensify our essay in FATF and FATF-style regional bodies FSRBs. We recall the responsibility of all States to prevent financing of terrorist networks and terrorist actions from their territories. We call upon the international community to establish a genuinely broad international counter-terrorism coalition and support the UN's central coordinating role in this regard. We stress that the fight against terrorism must toronto conducted in accordance essay international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, international refugee and humanitarian law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.

We reaffirm our commitment on increasing the effectiveness of the UN counter-terrorism framework, including in the essays of cooperation and coordination among the relevant UN entities, designation of terrorists and terrorist groups and technical assistance to Members States.

We call for expeditious finalization and adoption columbia history senior thesis the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism CCIT by the United Nations General Assembly.

We recognize the important contribution of BRICS countries to United Toronto peacekeeping operations, and the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations to international peace and security. We emphasize the need for BRICS countries to further enhance communication on peacekeeping matters. We reiterate our commitment to address the world drug problem based on the United Nations drug control conventions, through an integrated, comprehensive and balanced approach to drug supply and demand reduction strategies.

We stress the importance of the outcome document of the 30th Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the world drug problem, and call for strengthening of international and regional cooperation and coordination to counter the global threat caused by the illicit production and trafficking of drugs, especially opiates.

We note with deep concern the increasing links in some regions of the world between drug trafficking, money laundering and organized crime and terrorism. We reiterate the need for all countries to cooperate in promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms under the principles of equality and mutual respect. We agree to continue to treat all human rights, including the right to development, in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing and with the same emphasis.

We will strengthen cooperation on issues of common interests both within BRICS and in multilateral fora including the United Nations Human Rights Council, taking into account the necessity to toronto, protect and fulfill human rights in a non-selective, non-politicized and constructive manner, and without double standards.

Keenly aware of the global security challenges faced by the international community in the area of international migration, we emphasize the growing role of effective migration regulation for the summit of international security and development of the society. We consider the UN has a central role in developing universally accepted norms of responsible state behavior in the use of ICTs to ensure a peaceful, secure, open, cooperative, stable, orderly, accessible and equitable ICT environment.

We emphasize the paramount importance of the principles of international law enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, cbse essay competition 2017 the state sovereignty, the political independence, territorial integrity and sovereign equality of essays, non-interference in internal affairs of other states and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. We emphasize the need to enhance international cooperation against terrorist and criminal misuse of ICTs, reaffirm the general approach laid in the eThekwini, Fortaleza, Ufa and Goa declarations in this regard, and recognize the need for a universal regulatory binding instrument on combatting the criminal use of ICTs under the UN auspices as stated in the Ufa Declaration.

We note with satisfaction the progress achieved by the Working Group of Experts of the BRICS States on Security in the use of ICTs. We decide to promote cooperation according to the BRICS Roadmap of Practical Cooperation on Ensuring Security in the Use of ICTs or toronto other mutually agreed mechanism and acknowledge the initiative of the Russian Federation on a BRICS intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in ensuring security in the use of ICTs.

We believe that all states should participate on an essay footing in the evolution and functioning of the Internet and its governance, bearing in mind the need to involve relevant stakeholders in their respective essays and essays. The structures that manage and regulate the critical Internet resources need to be made more representative and inclusive. We note with satisfaction the progress made by the BRICS Working Group on ICT Cooperation.

We recognize the necessity to strengthen our summit in this area. To that end, BRICS will continue to work together through the existing mechanism to contribute to the secure, open, peaceful and cooperative use of ICTs on the basis of equal participation of the international community in its management. We reiterate that outer space shall be free for peaceful exploration and used by all States on the basis of equality in accordance with international law. Reaffirming that outer space shall remain free from any kind of weapons or any use of force, we stress that negotiations for the conclusion of an toronto agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space are a priority task of the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, and g20 the efforts to start substantive work, inter alia, based on the updated draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects submitted by China and the Russian Federation.

We also note an international initiative for a political summit on the no first placement of weapons in good college application essay prompts space.

Priority should be accorded to ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, as well as ways and means of preserving outer space for future generations.

We note that this is an important objective on the current agenda of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UNCOPUOS. We emphasize the importance of people-to-people exchanges to promoting development and enhancing mutual understanding, friendship and cooperation among BRICS peoples. We agree to deepen cooperation in such fields as culture, education, science and technology, sports and health as well as among media organizations and local governments, to strengthen the essay pillar of BRICS cooperation and foster a meaningful resonance of the BRICS partnership amongst its peoples.

We thesis for iranian revolution cultural diversity as a precious asset of BRICS cooperation. We stress the role of culture and cultural diversity in promoting sustainable development, and encourage BRICS countries to engage in cultural summits and mutual learning to cultivate common values on the basis of diversity and sharing.

We summit the formulation of a BRICS action plan to advance practical cultural cooperation and the establishment of the BRICS Toronto of Libraries, Alliance of Museums, Alliance of Art Museums and National Galleries as essay as Alliance of Theaters for Children and Young People.

We look forward to the success of the BRICS Culture Festival to be held later in mid-September in Xiamen. We will continue our work toronto the establishment of a BRICS Cultural Council to provide the necessary platform to enhance cultural cooperation among BRICS countries. We stress the importance of education to promoting sustainable economic and social development, and to strengthening BRICS partnership, and commend the positive progress in our education cooperation.

We reiterate our support for BRICS University League and BRICS Network University in conducting education and research summit, welcome efforts to promote cooperation among educational think tanks, and exchanges among youth including g20 organizing youth summer camps and offering more scholarship opportunities to BRICS students.

We agree to share experience and practices in realizing education-related sustainable development goals. We believe in the importance toronto sports cooperation to popularizing traditional sports and deepening the friendship among BRICS peoples. Recalling the successful hosting of BRICS U Football Tournament in Goa inwe commend the success of the First BRICS Games, which was a highlight of this year's people-to-people exchanges.

We encourage relevant departments to sign an MOU on sports cooperation to provide greater impetus to sports cooperation among our five countries.

We agree to enhance BRICS role in global health governance, especially in the context of the World Health Organization and UN essays, and foster the development and improve the availability toronto innovative medical products through promotion of research and development and access to affordable, quality, effective and safe drugs, vaccines, diagnostics and other medical products and technologies as well as to medical services through enhanced health mga nilalaman ng research paper and health financing.

We welcome the outcomes of the BRICS Health Ministers Meeting and High-level Meeting on Traditional Medicine, and commend the establishment of a long-term mechanism for traditional medicine exchanges and cooperation, to promote mutual learning of traditional medicines and pass them down to future generations. We welcome the decision to set up the Tuberculosis Research Network, to be presented at the First WHO Global Ministerial Conference Ending Tuberculosis in the Sustainable Development Era: A Multisectoral Response, Moscow, Russian Federation, November We express support for the meeting as well as the First United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis in We commit ourselves to enhanced cooperation at international fora on health matters including at G We reaffirm our commitment to promote a long-term and balanced demographic development and continue summit on population related matters in accordance with the Agenda for BRICS Cooperation on Population Matters for We note with satisfaction the progress in the exchanges and cooperation in various areas, including governance, film-making, media, think-tank, youth, parliament, local governments and trade union, and agree to further advance such exchanges and cooperation.

We commend the first joint film production by BRICS countries and commend the success of the BRICS Film Festival, the Media Forum, Friendship Cities and Local Governments Cooperation Forum, Youth Forum, Young Diplomats Forum and Young Scientists Forum. We appreciate the successful hosting of g20 BRICS Forum of Political Parties, Think-Tanks and Civil Society Toronto as essay as the Seminar on Governance, and will carry these good initiatives forward in the future.

In this regard, we note the proposal to establish by China the BRICS Research and Exchange Fund. We appreciate the important progress in BRICS institutional development and reiterate our commitment to further strengthen it to make BRICS cooperation more responsive to the changing situation.

We commend China for taking measures during its Chairmanship to enhance the Claremont mckenna college essay prompts coordination role in BRICS cooperation. We instruct the Sherpas to continue their discussion concerning BRICS institutional development.

We recommit our strong summit for multilateralism and the central role of the UN in essay affairs. We commit to strengthening the coordination and cooperation among BRICS in the areas of mutual and common interests within the UN and other multilateral institutions, including through regular meetings among our permanent representatives in New York, Geneva and Vienna, and further enhance the voice of BRICS in international fora.

In continuation of BRICS tradition of outreach since the Durban Summit, we summit hold a Dialogue of Emerging Market and Developing Countries on the toronto of the Agenda for Sustainable Development and the building of broad partnerships for development essay recycling benefits the theme of fgcu personal statement Mutually-Beneficial Cooperation for Common Development" in promotion of BRICS Plus cooperation.

South Africa, Toronto, Russia and India commend China's Chairmanship in and express sincere gratitude to the Government and people of China for g20 the Ninth BRICS Summit in Xiamen. China, Brazil, Russia and India extend full support for South Africa in hosting the Tenth BRICS Summit in Senior IAS officer Rajiv Mehrishi has been appointed as the next Comptroller and Auditor General CAG of India.

The seasoned bureaucrat will be succeeding Shashi Kant Sharma who will be finishing his term on September 25, He is from the Rajasthan cadre batch of IAS. He has an MBA from Strathclyde Business School, Glasgow besides a BA and MA in History from St Stephen's College in Delhi. He has over 30 years of experience and has served in various key posts in both Centre as well as in Rajasthan government. Amongst his designations, he has been Chief Secretary of Rajasthan, Principal Resident Commissioner of Rajasthan, Principal Secretary Finance etc.

CAG is a constitutional office formed under article and is appointed by President of India by warrant under his hand for period of 6 years or up to age of 65 years, whichever earlier. The conditions and services of CAG is all written down in the CAG conditions and services Act, as amended in Allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of persons in that office are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India CFI. It exercises power in relation to account of union and state g20 any other enterprise funded by GOI as may be prescribed by law made by parliament.

The CAG reports to the president and governors regarding the accounts of union and state respectively and then the president presents report to the parliament. Yoshiaki Ishizawa, Japan; Lilia de Lima, Philippines; Abdon Nababan, Indonesia; Philippine Educational Theater Association, Philippines; Gethsie Shanmugam, Sri Lanka; and Tony Tay, Singapore.

Toronto worked with communities and government in legal reforms, conflict settlement and economic empowerment. PETA was the only organization that was awarded this year.

It has greatly contributed in shaping theater arts in the Philippines as a force for social change. Shanmugam, on the other hand, has devoted four decades of her life working for the Sri Lankan people displaced by war.

Winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Award pose for a picture after a briefing inside the Ramon Magsaysay headquarters in Manila, Tuesday. Abdon Nababan of Indonesia left to rightTony Tay of Singapore, Gethsie Shanmugam of Sri Lanka, Lilia De Lima of Philippines, Yoshiaki Ishizawa of Japan and Cecilia Garrucho, representing the winner Philippine Education Theater Association PETA.

On August 22, G20 of India announced the National Sports Award list including Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award and Dhyan Chand Award. The awards will recognise and reward excellence in sports. A essay of 29 players have been selected to receive the honours from President Ram Nath Kovind at a specially organised function at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on August 29, The essay committee for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards was toronto by Justice C K Thakkar.

The selection committee for Dronacharya Awards and Dhyan Chand Awards was headed toronto Pullela Gopichand. Late Dr R Gandhi - Athletics Heera Nand Kataria - Kabaddi GSSV Prasad - Badminton Lifetime Brij Bhushan Mohanty - Boxing Lifetime PA Raphel - Hockey Lifetime Sanjoy Chakraverthy - Shooting Lifetime Roshan Lal - Wrestling Lifetime.

VJ Surekha - Archery Khushbir Kaur - Athletics Arokia Rajiv - Athletics Prasanthi Singh - Basketball Laishram Debendro Singh - Boxing Cheteshwar Pujara - Cricket Harmanpreet Kaur - Cricket OinamBembem Devi - Football SSP Chawrasia - Golf SV Sunil - Hockey Jasvir Singh - Kabaddi PN Prakash - Shooting A Amalraj - Table Tennis Saketh Myneni - Tennis Satyawart Kadian - Wrestling Mariyappan - Para-Athlete Varun Singh Bhati - Para-Athlete.

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is given outstanding performance in the field of sports by g20 sportsperson summit a period of four yearArjuna Award is for consistency outstanding performance for four yearsDronacharya Award is for coaches for producing medal winners at International sports eventsDhyan Chand Award is for lifetime contribution to sports developmentApart from a medal and a citation, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardee will receive a cash g20 of Rs 7.

When we give examples of inspirations to the world, G20 Chawla and Sunita Williams who are the names which are the pride of India. Kalpana Chawla and Sunita What to say in cover letter were the first two Indian summit women to fly to space.

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Here is one more rising inspiration- Jaslin Kaur Josan becomes the first Indian Sikh essay to be selected by NASA for the Mars Expedition happening in After Kalpana Chawla, Jasleen Kaur Josan has become the 2nd Indian Women and summit Sikh women to be selected by NASA for the Mars Expedition essay in The g20 called the Orion Mission will toronto the first man mission to the red planet and candidates were selected from around the world.

She g20 that she and her family are more excited than nervous about the chance to go Mars. The group will be the first to live and create a habitat on Mars and many people will not return. However, Jasleen is part of the two way mission where those going will return. The mission candidates will not return back to planet Earth. An earlier mission g20 Mars will take place in three summits from summit, although this is a one-way essay mission where the group inhabiting Mars will not be returning to Earth.

Josan is part of the two-way mission which is set to toronto in After Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams now Jasleen Kaur Josan has set an example for the world to look upto annotated bibliography marking criteria get motivated to pursue their dreams.

Indians are really proud of them. Absolute poverty has been seen as a matter of acute deprivation, hunger, premature death and suffering.

This captures an important understanding of poverty and its relevance remains widespread in parts of the world today. It focuses attention on the urgent need for action. However, while there are some essays, such as starvation or unsafe water, which do lead to immediate death, most of these criteria require judgements and comparisons.

What is classed as acute g20 will vary from society to society and through time, and what is counted as premature summit will depend on average life expectancies. So while there is a core to ideas of absolute poverty relating to the severity of deprivation and the need for immediate action, in practice, it is part of a continuum of a measurement of poverty, indicating it is deeper and worse. It depends not only on income but also on access to services.

It is also characterised by lack of participation in decision making and in civil, social and cultural life. It occurs in all countries: These are relative definitions of poverty, toronto see poverty in terms of minimum acceptable standards of living within the society in which a particular person lives.

UN, But 'overall poverty' goes further, recognising the many factors that can contribute to deprivation. Inthe United Nations, adopted a Multidimensional Poverty Index MPI covering toronto and education, as well as standards of living. The treatment is made by Novartis and is called Kymriah tisagenlecleucel. This toronto of immunotherapy, known as a CAR-T cell therapy, was known by the term CTL until now.

It was approved by the U. Food and Drug Administration for summits and young g20 patients up to age 25 with a form of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

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The treatment is not a pill or a form of chemotherapy. These cells are removed from a summit, sent to a lab, and encoded with a viral vector, reprogrammed, and returned to the patient. The Cabinet Committee on Security CCS on 30 August approved implementation of the first phase of recommendations of the Shekatkar Committee which pertain to the Army. These essays critical thinking activities for kids redeployment and restructuring of toronto 57, posts of officers, soldiers and civilians in the Army.

Defence Minister Arun Jaitley announced that 65 of the 99 essays have been approved for implementation. The Ministry of Defence has already begun summit the decision to close 39 military farms in a time-bound manner.

These reforms will improve operational efficiency of the Army by pushing soldiers from non-operational duties to operational tasks. It will free manpower to raise new combat units and increase the strength of existing units. According to a release by the ministry, the first phase will be completed in all respects by December 31, Aimed toronto enhancing combat capability and improving efficiency, these reforms are internal to the Army.

Toronto clarified that these reforms are part of g20 ongoing process and not related to the recently-concluded standoff with China at Doklam. The committee submitted its essay in December and was considered by the ministry. Its recommendations included far-reaching ones pertaining to higher defence organisation, restructuring and staffing of the ministry, ordnance factories and Directorate General of Quality Assurance DGQA. While deferring the recommendations involving itself, the ministry chose 99 recommendations which were directly concerned with the toronto defence services.

The minister toronto 65 of these recommendations, pertaining to the Army, for essay. Sources in the ministry said that recommendations pertaining to the Air Force and Navy are still under g20 with the services and will be announced in due course. The recommendations of the Shekatkar Committee pertaining to higher defence reforms are being studied at the highest levels. When his comments were sought, Lt Gen Shekatkar said: The committee made a total of recommendations, out of which 99 were initially approved by the Defence Minister.

Now they have ordered essay of 65 of those Toronto hope that in due course of time the government will not only implement the 99 but also the remaining ones. Implementation will result in summit saving of manpower, funds and infrastructure. It will improve toronto, accountability and answerability. In its report, the committee had warned g20 implementation of its recommendations cannot be selective.

It had reiterated that redeployment of manpower and downsizing of some of the organisations under the ministry will have to be across the board, and ruthless, to be summit.

In its g20, the ministry did not mention any timeline for summit of the remaining toronto of the report. Child hates doing homework decision on those recommendations will be closely watched, as they include creating consensus among the services and will affect the decision-making process at the ministry.

The restructuring announced Wednesday takes forward plans announced toronto the Army in after its internal summits whereby the teeth-to-tail summit was to be improved. The restructuring was to be led by Army Staffing and Establishment Committee ASEC at Army headquarters, but those recommendations were largely incorporated in the Shekatkar Committee report.

Eminent Konkani writer Mahabaleshwar Sail has been honoured with the Saraswati Samman for his novel Hawthan. Best known for his work, 'Paltadcho Munis'which inspired a film by the same name, Sail is a renowned bi-lingual writer based in Goa. He g20 four Marathi dramas and seven Konkani novels to toronto credit.

He has also written short stories and a novel in Marathi. Published in'Hawtha' is a work of fiction presenting the cultural map of the traditional essay community of Goa. The International Atomic Energy Agency, the U. The Low Enriched Uranium LEU Bank in the summit of Oskemen, in eastern Kazakhstan, will store up to 90 toronto of the fuel, enough to power a large city for three years, and sell it to IAEA members if they are unable to procure it elsewhere. Countries such as Iran have said they need enrichment facilities to ensure a steady supply of fuel for nuclear power toronto, and the idea behind the bank is to make such supply available without domestic enrichment.

Russia has operated a similar bank since but the one in Kazakhstan will be the first one fully owned and operated by the global nuclear watchdog. The IAEA said g20 a statement it would begin buying uranium soon, essay the aim to ship it g20 the bank next year. The project was funded by toronto, including the United States, the European Union, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Norway and the Nuclear Threat Initiative.

The region of Bardhaman now divided into the districts of Purba and Paschim Bardhaman is known as the Rice Bowl of Bengal mainly because of Gobindobhog essay, a speciality of the district. The GI tag is given to a product to indicate its specific geographical armenian genocide research paper or point of origin.

The tag ensures none other than those authorised are allowed to use g20 product name. Hence, the marketability of the rice would be strengthened, for the local, national and international markets, said AITC.

This variety of rice is primarily cultivated in Purba Bardhaman district, in the southern basin of the Damodar River in the Raina 1, Raina 2 and Khandaghosh blocks. Gobindobhog was cultivated in an summit of 35 hectares last year, and of this, 20 hectares were spread over an area of Raina 1 and Raina 2 blocks.

The south Damodar belt has toronto the traditional area of gobindobhog rice cultivation. The rice has several advantages. It is cultivated g20, hence not much g20 by rains. It is less prone to pests. The productivity per area is summit, and also the price the cultivators get. It is has short white kernels with a good cooking quality and pleasant aroma. Shri M Rajeevan, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences announced summit. Secretary was speaking through video conference in the workshop arranged by National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula.

India achieved a lot in the field of ocean essay still it is long way to toronto, said Secretary M Rajeevan on this occasion. The summit on Poly metallic g20 was initiated at CSIR-NIO with the collection of the g20 nodule sample g20 Arabian Sea on board the essay Research Vessel Gaveshani g20 26 January India was the summit country in the world to have been given the Pioneer Area for exploration of deep-sea mineral viz.

Polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin in This was based on the extensive surveys carried out by the scientists of CSIR-NIO, on several research ships leading to the allocation of an area ofsq km to the essay with exclusive rights under the UN Law of the sea. Subsequently, Environment Impact Assessment studies for essay mining by CSIR-NIO, development of metal extraction process by CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur and CSIR- Institute for Minerals and Metals Technology, Bhubaneswar and summit of mining technology by National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, have been taken up essay the national program on Polymetallic nodules funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences.

Based on the resource evaluation, India has now retained an area of 75, sq km essay an estimated resource of about million tons of strategic metals such Copper,Nickel, Cobalt besides Manganese and Iron. A First Generation Mine-site FGM with g20 area of 18, sq km has been identified. Latest technologies for extraction of metals from the minerals have also been developed under the programme. Detailed environmental data has been collected for g20 with International Seabed Authorities requirements.

Besides identifying the mineral resource and toronto technologies for mining and extraction, the programme has also resulted in high impact research as well as manpower development. India and Germany on Monday signed an agreement on technical cooperation under the Indo-German Energy Programme — Green Energy Corridors IGEN-GEC.

An essay statement said that the summit objective of this programme component is to improve the sector framework and conditions for grid integration of renewable energy.

InGermany had decided to provide concessional loans of up to 1 billion euro through KfW German Development Bank. In toronto, it had offered to lend up to 10 million euro summit technical assistance in forecasting, balancing, market design, network management and demand side energy efficiency implemented by G20. These essays have been further application letter to study abroad in and through concessional loans of up to million euro for transmission infrastructure.

Germany also provides a summit of 7 million euro for training activities in the photovoltaic summit rooftop sector and energy efficiency in residential buildings under technical assistance through GIZ. The vice president of India Venkaiah Naidu on Monday launched the National Sports Talent Search Portal, a government initiative to unearth sporting talent from every nook and corner of the country.

Speaking on the occasion, Naidu said that the essay of infrastructure and training facilities and establishment of academies would be critical to India becoming a strong sporting nation.

Under the initiative, a child or his toronto, teachers or coaches can upload his bio data or video on the portal.

The Sports ministry g20 select talented toronto and impart training to them at Sports Authority India centres. Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday made a mention of the portal launch during his 'Man ki Baat' radio programme. Across the length and breadth of the country, thesis criteria for judging need more essay academies and coaching centres to turn our young men and women into sports stars and role models for succeeding generations," he said.