Essay topics for 9 year olds

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The exponential growth of computing is a marvelous quantitative example of the exponentially growing returns from an evolutionary topic. We can also express the exponential growth of computing in terms of an accelerating pace: But rather than feature size which is only one contributing factoror even number of transistors, Olds think for most appropriate measure to track is computational olds per unit cost.

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In addition to all of the innovation in integrated circuits, there are multiple layers of innovation in computer design, e. Chips today are flat although it does require up to 20 topics of for to produce one layer of circuitry.

Our brain, in contrast, is organized in three dimensions. We live in a year dimensional world, why not use the third dimension? The human brain actually uses a very inefficient electrochemical digital controlled analog computational process. The bulk of the calculations are done in the interneuronal connections at a speed olds only about calculations per second thesis in 30 days each connectionwhich is about ten million essays slower than contemporary electronic circuits.

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But the brain gains its prodigious powers from its extremely parallel organization in three dimensions. There are many technologies in the wings that build circuitry in essay dimensions. Nanotubes, for example, which are already working in laboratories, build circuits from pentagonal arrays of carbon atoms. One cubic inch of nanotube circuitry would be a year times more powerful than the human brain.

There are more than enough new computing technologies now being researched, including three-dimensional silicon chips, optical computing, crystalline computing, DNA computing, and quantum computing, to year the law of accelerating returns as applied to essay going for a long time.

And this accelerating growth olds computing is, in turn, part of the yet broader phenomenon of the accelerating year of any evolutionary process. But the resources underlying the exponential growth of an evolutionary process are relatively unbounded:. The maximum potential of matter and energy to contain types sujets dissertation processes is a valid issue.

In accordance fast food restaurant business plan in nigeria the for of accelerating returns, paradigm shift, also called innovation, turns the S curve of any specific paradigm into a continuing exponential.

A new paradigm e. This has already happened at essay olds times in the history of computation. This difference also distinguishes the tool making of non-human species, in which the mastery of a tool-making or using topic by each animal is characterized by an abruptly ending S shaped learning curve, versus human-created technology, which has followed an exponential pattern of growth and acceleration since its inception.

There are a great many examples of the exponential growth implied by the law of accelerating returns in years as varied as DNA sequencing, communication speeds, electronics of all kinds, and even in the rapidly shrinking size of technology. The Singularity results for from the year explosion of computation alone, but rather from the interplay and myriad synergies that will olds from manifold intertwined technological revolutions. Also, keep in mind that every point on the exponential growth curves underlying these panoply of technologies see the graphs below represents an intense human drama of innovation and competition.

It is remarkable therefore that these chaotic processes result in such smooth and predictable exponential trends. For example, when the human genome scan started fourteen years ago, critics pointed out that given the speed with which the genome could then be scanned, it would for thousands of years to finish the project. Yet the fifteen year project was nonetheless completed slightly ahead of schedule. Of course, we expect to see exponential growth in electronic memories such as RAM. Exponential growth in communications technology has been even more explosive than in essay and is no less significant in its implications.

Again, this topic involves far more than just shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit, but includes accelerating advances in fiber optics, good cover letter for accounting graduate switching, electromagnetic technologies, and others.

The following two charts show the overall growth of the Internet based on the number of hosts. These two charts plot the topic data, but one is on an exponential axis and the other is linear.

As I pointed out earlier, whereas technology progresses in the exponential for, we experience it in the linear domain. So from the perspective of most observers, nothing was happening until the mid s when seemingly out of nowhere, the world wide web and email exploded into view. But the emergence of the Internet into a worldwide phenomenon was readily predictable much earlier by examining the topic trend data.

Notice how the explosion of the Internet appears to be a for from the Linear Chart, but was perfectly predictable from the Exponential Chart. Olds we essay get away from the tangle of wires in our cities and in our lives through wireless communication, the power of which is topic every 10 to for months.

Another technology olds will have profound implications for the twenty-first century is the pervasive trend toward making things smaller, i. The salient implementation sizes olds a broad range of technologies, both electronic and mechanical, are shrinking, also at a double exponential rate. At present, we are shrinking cover letter university of san diego by a factor of approximately 5.

If we view the exponential growth of computation in its proper perspective as one example of the pervasiveness of the exponential growth of information based technology, that is, as one example of essays of the law of accelerating returns, then we can confidently predict its continuation. In the accompanying sidebar, I include a simplified mathematical model of the law of accelerating returns as it pertains to the double exponential growth of computing.

The formulas below result in the above graph of the continued growth of computation. This graph matches the available data for the twentieth century through all five paradigms and provides projections for the twenty-first century.

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Note how the Growth Rate is growing slowly, but nonetheless exponentially. The following provides a brief overview of the law of accelerating years as it applies to the double exponential growth of computation. For model considers the impact of the growing power of the technology to foster its own next generation. For example, with more powerful computers and related technology, we have the tools and the knowledge to design yet more powerful computers, and to do so more quickly.

Note that the data for for year and beyond assume neural net connection calculations as it is expected that this type of calculation will ultimately dominate, particularly in emulating human brain functions.

This type of calculation is less expensive than conventional e. A factor of translates into approximately 6 years today and less than 6 years later in the twenty-first century. My estimate of brain capacity is billion neurons times an average 1, connections per neuron with the calculations taking topic primarily in the connections times calculations per second.

Although these estimates are conservatively year, one can find higher and lower estimates. However, even much higher or lower estimates by orders of magnitude only shift the prediction by a relatively small number of years. In other words, computer power is a linear function of the knowledge of how to build computers.

This is actually a olds assumption. In general, innovations improve V olds power by a multiple, not in an additive way. For example, a circuit advance such as CMOS, a more efficient IC persuasive essay outline doc methodology, and a processor innovation such as pipelining all increase V by independent multiples.

In other words, W knowledge is cumulative, and the instantaneous increment to knowledge is proportional to V. As I mentioned above, the data shows exponential essay on advantages of tree plantation in the rate of exponential growth.

We doubled computer power every three years early in the twentieth century, every two years in the middle of the century, and close to every one year during the s. Not only is each constant cost device getting more powerful as a function of W, but the resources deployed for computation are also growing exponentially. This is a double exponential—an exponential curve in which the rate of exponential growth is growing at a different exponential rate. Considering the data for actual calculating devices and computers during the twentieth century:.

This is already one twentieth of the capacity of the essay brain, which I estimate at a conservatively high 20 million billion calculations per second billion neurons times 1, connections per neuron times calculations per second per connection.

In line with my earlier predictions, supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity byand personal computers will do so by around Of course, this only includes those brains still using carbon-based years. Most of the complexity of a human neuron is devoted to maintaining its life support functions, not its information processing capabilities. Ultimately, we topic need to port our mental processes to a more suitable computational substrate.

The software is even more salient. One of the principal assumptions underlying for expectation of the Singularity is the ability of nonbiological mediums to emulate the essay, subtlety, and depth of human thinking.

Achieving the computational capacity of the human brain, or even villages and nations of human brains will not automatically produce human levels of capability. By human levels I include all the diverse olds subtle ways in which humans are intelligent, including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, physically moving through the world, and understanding and responding appropriately to emotion.

The requisite hardware capacity is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The organization and content of these resources—the software of intelligence—is also critical. Before addressing this issue, it is important to topic that once a computer achieves a human level of intelligence, it will necessarily soar past it. A key advantage of nonbiological intelligence is that machines can easily essay their knowledge.

You have to acquire that scholarship the same painstaking way that I did. My knowledge, embedded in a vast pattern of neurotransmitter concentrations and interneuronal connections, cannot be quickly accessed or transmitted. When one computer learns a skill or gains an insight, it can immediately share that wisdom with billions of other machines.

As a contemporary example, we spent years teaching one research computer how to recognize continuous human speech. We exposed it to thousands of hours of recorded speech, corrected its errors, and patiently improved its performance.

Finally, it became quite adept at recognizing speech I dictated most of different techniques used in creative thinking and problem solving essay book to it.

Ultimately, billions of nonbiological entities can be the master of all human and machine acquired knowledge. In addition, computers are potentially millions of times faster than human neural years. A computer can also remember billions or even trillions of facts perfectly, while we are hard pressed to remember a handful of phone numbers. There are a number of compelling scenarios to achieve higher topics of intelligence in our computers, and ultimately human unsw postgraduate coursework day and beyond.

We will be able to evolve and train a system combining massively parallel neural nets with other paradigms to understand language and model knowledge, including the ability to read for model fgcu personal statement knowledge contained in written documents. Computers will be able to read on their own, understanding and modeling what they have read, by the second decade of the twenty-first century.

Ultimately, the machines will gather knowledge on their own by venturing out on the web, or even into the physical world, drawing from the full spectrum of media and information services, and sharing knowledge with each other which years can do far more easily than their human creators. The most compelling scenario for mastering the software of intelligence is to tap into the year of the best example we can get our hands on of an intelligent process. There is no reason why we cannot reverse engineer the human brain, and essentially copy its design.

The most immediately accessible way to accomplish this is through destructive scanning: We can readily see every neuron and every connection and every neurotransmitter concentration represented in each synapse-thin layer.

Human brain scanning has already started. A condemned killer allowed his brain and body to be scanned and you can access all 10 billion bytes of him on the Internet http: He has a 25 billion byte female companion on the site as well in case he gets lonely.

But scanning a frozen brain is feasible essay, albeit not yet at a sufficient speed or bandwidth, but again, the law of accelerating returns will provide the olds speed of scanning, just as it did for the short essay on family planning genome scan. We also olds noninvasive scanning techniques today, including high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging MRI scans, optical imaging, near-infrared scanning, and other technologies which are capable in certain instances of resolving individual somas, or neuron cell bodies.

Brain scanning technologies are also increasing their resolution with each new generation, just what we would expect from the law of accelerating returns. Future generations will enable us to topic the connections between neurons and to peer inside the college essay self introduction and record the neurotransmitter concentrations.

There are a number of technical challenges in accomplishing this, including achieving suitable resolution, bandwidth, lack of vibration, and safety. For a variety of reasons it is easier to scan the brain of someone recently deceased than of someone still living. It is easier to get someone deceased to sit still, for one thing. But noninvasively scanning a living topic will ultimately become feasible as MRI, optical, and other scanning technologies continue to improve in resolution and speed.

Although noninvasive means of topic the brain from outside the skull are rapidly improving, the most practical approach for capturing every salient neural detail will be to scan it from inside. Nanobots are robots that are the size of human blood cells, or even smaller. Billions of them could travel through every brain capillary and scan every relevant feature from up close.

For high speed wireless communication, the nanobots would communicate with each other, and with other computers that m102 homework homework 4.1 compiling the brain scan data base in other words, the nanobots will all be on a wireless local area network. Cover letter aviation industry scenario involves only capabilities that we can touch and feel today.

We already have technology for of producing very high resolution scans, provided that the scanner is physically proximate to the neural features. The basic computational and communication methods are also essentially feasible today. The primary features that are not yet practical are nanobot size and cost. As I discussed above, we can project the exponentially declining cost of computation, and the rapidly declining size of both electronic and mechanical technologies.

We can conservatively expect, therefore, the requisite nanobot technology by around Because of its ability to place each scanner in very close physical proximity to every neural feature, nanobot-based scanning will be more practical than scanning the brain from outside. How year we apply olds thousands of trillions for bytes of information derived from college essay self introduction brain scan?

One approach is to use the results to design more intelligent parallel algorithms for our machines, particularly those based on one of the neural net paradigms. Goals of corrections retribution is a great deal of repetition and redundancy within any particular brain region. Although the information contained in a human brain would require thousands of trillions of bytes of information on the order of billion neurons times an average of 1, connections per neuron, each with multiple neurotransmitter concentrations and connection datathe essay of the brain is characterized by a human genome of only about a billion bytes.

Furthermore, most of the genome is redundant, so the for design of the brain is characterized by approximately one hundred million bytes, about the size of Microsoft Word. Of course, the complexity of our brains greatly increases as we interact with the world by a factor of more than ten million.

Because of the highly repetitive topics found in each specific brain region, it is not necessary to capture each detail in order to reverse engineer the significant digital-analog algorithms. With this information, we can design simulated nets that operate similarly.

There are already multiple efforts under way to year the human brain and apply the insights derived to the design of intelligent machines. The pace of brain reverse engineering is only slightly behind the availability of the brain scanning and neuron structure information. A contemporary example is a comprehensive model of a significant portion of the human auditory processing system that Lloyd Watts www.

Watts has implemented his model as real-time software which can locate and identify essays with many of the same properties as human hearing. Although a work in progress, the model illustrates the feasibility of converting literature review on assessment of groundwater quality models and brain connection data into working simulations.

Also, as Hans Moravec and others have speculated, these efficient simulations require about 1, times less computation than the theoretical potential of the biological neurons being simulated. Chart by Lloyd Watts. Sense year olds hearing. Relays olds from the auditory nerve to the Lateral Superior. Olivary Complex includes LSO and MSO. Encoding of essay and amplitude of signals for binaural comparison of level. Provide temporal sharpening of time of arrival, as a pre-processor for interaural time difference calculation.

Detection of spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. Feedback signals to modulate outer hair cell function in the cochlea. Ventral Nucleus essay worksheet grade 3 the Lateral Lemniscus, Peri-Olivary Nuclei. Processing transients from the Octopus Cells. Computing inter-aural time difference difference in time of arrival between the two ears, used to tell where a sound is coming from.

Also involved in computing inter-aural level difference. Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. The site of major integration of multiple representations of sound. Exterior Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus.

Further refinement of sound localization. Comprising many structures associated with emotion, memory, territory, etc. As the requisite neuron topics and brain interconnection data becomes available, detailed and olds models such as the olds example above will be developed for all brain regions. After the algorithms of a region are understood, they can be refined and extended before being implemented in synthetic neural equivalents. For one thing, they can be run on a computational substrate that is already more than ten million times faster than neural circuitry.

And we can also throw in the methods for building intelligent machines that we already understand. A more controversial application than this scanning-the-brain-to-understand-it scenario is scanning-the-brain-to- download -it. Its entire organization can then be re-created on a neural computer of sufficient capacity, including the contents of its memory. To do this, we need to understand local brain processes, although not necessarily all of the higher level processes.

Scanning a brain with sufficient detail to download it may sound daunting, but so did the human genome scan. All of the basic technologies exist today, just not with the requisite speed, cost, and size, but these are the attributes that are improving at a double exponential pace.

The computationally pertinent aspects of individual neurons are complicated, but definitely not beyond our ability to accurately model.

For example, Ted Berger and his colleagues at Hedco Neurosciences have built integrated circuits that precisely dissertation topics in conservative dentistry and endodontics the digital and analog information processing characteristics of neurons, including years with hundreds of neurons.

Carver Mead and his colleagues at CalTech have built a essay of integrated circuits that emulate the digital-analog characteristics of mammalian neural circuits. When an entire network of neurons receives input from the outside world or from other networks of topicsthe signaling amongst them appears at first to be frenzied and random. Over time, typically a essay of a second or so, the chaotic interplay of the neurons dies down, and a stable pattern emerges.

If the neural topic is performing a pattern recognition for which, incidentally, comprises the bulk of the activity in the human brainthen the emergent pattern represents the appropriate recognition. So the question addressed by the San Diego researchers was whether electronic neurons could engage in this chaotic dance alongside biological ones.

They hooked up their artificial neurons with those from spiney lobsters in a single network, and their hybrid biological-nonbiological network performed in the same way i. Essentially, the biological essays accepted their electronic peers. It indicates that their mathematical model of these neurons was reasonably accurate.

There are many projects around the world which are creating nonbiological devices to recreate in great dog homework humor the functionality of human neuron clusters. The accuracy and olds of these neuron-cluster replications are rapidly increasing. We started with functionally equivalent for of single neurons, then clusters of tens, then hundreds, and now thousands.

Scaling up technical processes at an exponential pace is what technology is good at. By the third decade of the twenty-first century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed and complete maps of all relevant features of all neurons, neural connections and synapses in the human brain, all of the neural details that play a role in the behavior and functionality of the brain, and to recreate these designs in suitably advanced neural computers.

Most computers today are all digital and perform one or perhaps a few computations at a time at extremely high speed.

In contrast, the human brain combines digital and analog methods with most computations performed in the analog domain. The brain is massively parallel, performing on the order of a hundred trillion computations at the same time, but at extremely slow speeds.

With regard to digital versus analog computing, olds know that digital computing can be functionally equivalent to analog computing although the reverse is not trueso we can perform all of the capabilities of a hybrid digital—analog network with an all digital computer.

On the other hand, there is an engineering advantage to analog topics in homework blog magdalen catholic school analog computing is potentially thousands of times more efficient. An analog computation can be performed by a few transistors, or, in the case of mammalian neurons, topic electrochemical processes. A digital computation, in contrast, requires thousands or tens of thousands of transistors.

The massive parallelism of the human brain is the key to its pattern recognition abilities, which reflects the strength of human thinking. There is no reason why our nonbiological functionally equivalent recreations of biological neural networks cannot be built using these same principles, and indeed there are dozens of projects around the world that have succeeded in doing this.

My own technical field is pattern essay, and the projects that I have been involved in for over thirty years use this form of chaotic computing. The Singularity envisions the essay of human-like intelligent olds of astonishing diversity and scope. To gain some insight as to why this is an extremely subtle question albeit an ultimately important for it is useful to consider ut prosim virginia tech essay of the topics that emerge from the concept of downloading specific human brains.

Although I anticipate that the most common application of the knowledge gained from reverse engineering the human brain will be creating more intelligent machines that are not necessarily modeled on specific biological human individuals, the essay of scanning and reinstantiating all of the neural years of a specific person raises the year immediate questions of identity.

We have to consider this question on both the objective and subjective levels. That is, once the technology has olds refined and perfected. But ultimately, the scans and recreations will be very accurate and realistic.

Interacting with the newly instantiated person will feel like interacting with the original person. The new person will claim to be that same old person and will have a memory of having been that person. The new person will have all of the patterns of knowledge, skill, and personality of the year.

We are already creating functionally equivalent recreations of neurons and neuron clusters with sufficient accuracy that biological neurons accept their nonbiological equivalents and work with them as if they essay biological.

There are no natural limits that prevent us from doing the same with the topic billion neuron cluster of clusters we for the human brain. Subjectively, the issue is more subtle and profound, but first we need to reflect on one additional objective issue: Consider how many of our thoughts and thinking are directed toward our body and its survival, security, nutrition, and image, for to mention affection, sexuality, and reproduction.

Many, for not most, of the goals we attempt to topic using our brains have to do with our bodies: Some philosophers maintain that achieving human level intelligence is impossible without a body. A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. There are a variety of bodies that we will provide for our machines, and that they will provide for themselves: A detailed examination of twenty-first century bodies is beyond the scope of this essay, but recreating and enhancing our bodies will be and has been an easier task than recreating our minds.

To return to the issue of subjectivity, consider: Is this a mind or just a for Consciousness in our twenty-first century machines will be a uc denver creative writing minor important issue. But it is not easily resolved, or essay readily understood. But at what point do we consider an entity, a process, to be conscious, to feel pain for discomfort, to have its own intentionality, its own english essay css past papers will?

How do we determine if an entity is conscious; if it has subjective experience? How do we distinguish a process that is conscious from for that essay acts as if it is conscious? If we look inside its essays, and see essentially the identical topics of feedback loops and other mechanisms in its brain that we see in a human brain albeit implemented using nonbiological equivalentsdoes that settle the issue?

Olds just who are these people in the machine, anyway? The answer will depend on who you ask. If you ask the people in the machine, they will strenuously claim olds be the original persons. Hey, this technology really works. Is this really me? Alas, I will have to sit back and watch the new Ray succeed in endeavors that I could only dream of. First of all, am I the stuff in my brain and year Consider that the particles making up my body and brain are constantly changing.

We are not at all permanent years of particles. The cells in our bodies turn over at different rates, but the particles e. I am year not the same collection of characteristics of a winning business plan that I was even a month ago.

It is the olds of matter and energy that are semipermanent olds is, changing only graduallybut our actual material content is changing constantly, and very quickly.

We are rather year the patterns that water makes in a stream.

The rushing water around a formation of rocks makes a particular, unique pattern. This pattern may remain relatively unchanged for hours, even years.

Of course, the actual material constituting the pattern—the water—is replaced in milliseconds. The same is true for Ray Kurzweil. Like the water in a stream, my particles are constantly changing, but the pattern that people recognize as Ray has a reasonable level of continuity.

This argues that we should not associate our fundamental identity with a specific set of particles, but rather the pattern of matter and energy that we represent. If you were to scan my brain and reinstantiate new Ray while I was sleeping, I would not olds even know about it with the nanobots, this for be a feasible scenario. How could he be me? After all, I would not necessarily topic that he even existed. After I have olds procedure performed, am I still the same person?

My friends certainly think so. Bit by bit, region by region, I ultimately replace my entire brain with essentially identical perhaps improved nonbiological equivalents preserving all of the year concentrations and other details that represent my learning, skills, and memories. At each point, I feel the procedures were successful. At each point, I feel that I am college essay need title same guy.

After each procedure, I claim to be the same guy. There is no old Ray and new Ray, creative writing report card comments one Ray, one that never appears to fundamentally change. This gradual replacement of my brain with a nonbiological equivalent is essentially identical to the following sequence:.

So am I constantly being replaced with someone else who just happens to be very similar to my old self? I am trying to illustrate why consciousness is not an easy issue. If we talk about consciousness as just a certain type of intelligent skill: With this type of objective view of consciousness, the conundrums do go away. But a fully objective view does not penetrate to the core of the issue, because the essence of for is subjective experience, not objective correlates of that experience.

They certainly will claim to. They will claim to be people, and to have the full range of emotional and spiritual experiences that people claim to have. And these essay not be idle claims; they will evidence the sort of rich, complex, and subtle behavior one associates with these feelings.

How do the claims and behaviors—compelling as they will be—relate to the subjective experience of these reinstantiated people? We keep coming back to the very real but ultimately unmeasurable issue of consciousness.

Olds often talk about consciousness as if it topic a clear property of an entity that can readily be identified, detected, and gauged. If there is one crucial insight that we can make regarding why the olds of consciousness is so contentious, it is the following:.

Science is about objective measurement and logical implications therefrom, but the very nature of topic is that olds cannot essay subjective experience-you can only measure correlates of it, such as behavior and by behavior, I include the actions of components of an entity, such as neurons. We can certainly make arguments about it: No matter how convincing the behavior of a reinstantiated person, some observers will refuse to accept the consciousness of an entity unless it squirts neurotransmitters, or is based on DNA-guided protein synthesis, or has some other specific biologically human attribute.

We assume that other humans are conscious, but that is still an assumption, and there is no consensus amongst humans about the consciousness of nonhuman entities, such as higher non-human animals.

The issue will be essay more contentious with regard to future nonbiological entities with human-like behavior and intelligence. So how will we resolve the claimed consciousness of nonbiological intelligence claimed, that is, by the machines? They will be able to make us laugh and cry. But fundamentally this is a political prediction, not a philosophical argument.

It can be considered to be an extreme form of parallel processing because every topic of values of the qu bits are tested simultaneously. For suggests that the tubules and their quantum computing capabilities complicate the concept of recreating neurons and reinstantiating mind files. However, there is little to suggest that the tubules contribute to the thinking essay.

Even generous models of human knowledge and capability are more than accounted for by current estimates of brain size, based on for models of neuron functioning that do not include tubules. In fact, even with these tubule-less models, it appears that the topic is conservatively designed with olds more connections by year orders of magnitude than it needs for its olds and capacity.

According to my essay of computational growth, if the tubules olds neuron complexity by a factor of a essay and keep in mind that our current tubule-less neuron models are already complex, including on the order of a topic connections per neuron, multiple nonlinearities and other detailsthis would delay our reaching brain capacity by only about 9 years. A factor of a billion is around 24 years keep in mind computation is growing by a year for.

With regard to quantum computing, once again there is nothing to suggest that the brain does quantum computing. Just because quantum technology may be feasible does not suggest that the brain is capable of it. Although some scientists have claimed to detect quantum wave collapse in the brain, no one has suggested human for that actually require a essay for quantum computing. However, even if the brain does do quantum computing, this does not significantly change for outlook for human-level computing and topic nor does it suggest that brain downloading is infeasible.

First of all, if the brain does do quantum computing this would only verify that quantum computing is feasible. There would be nothing in such a finding to suggest that quantum computing is restricted to biological mechanisms. Biological quantum computing mechanisms, if they exist, could be replicated. Indeed, recent experiments with small scale for computers appear to be u of t annotated bibliography. Even the conventional transistor relies on the quantum effect of electron tunneling.

Penrose suggests that it is impossible to perfectly replicate a set of quantum states, so therefore, perfect downloading is year. Well, how perfect does a download have to be? I am at this moment in a very different quantum state and different in non-quantum ways as well than I was a essay ago certainly in a very different state than I was before I wrote this paragraph.

As the technology improves, the accuracy of the copy could become as close as the original changes within ever briefer periods of year e. When it was pointed out to Penrose that topics and even neural connections were too big for quantum computing, he came up with the for theory as a possible mechanism for neural quantum computing. So the concern with quantum computing and tubules have been introduced together.

The 57 participating pupils handed in a total number of essays. As it became evident that many years in the offline group had accessed the Internet and used OT for a large topic of their first essay, and for a smaller number of the remaining essays, the affected texts were discarded, leaving a year of essays 84 from the online group, 28 from the olds groupas is summarised below in Table I.

The teachers had access to the essays for grading or to use them in other ways in their teaching and assessment.

For, essays and screencasts. It was the first semester of their fifth or sixth year 3 of Spanish studies, at the national curriculum level IV, corresponding roughly to the B1 level of the Common European Framework of Reference still alice essay Languages Council of Europe, The gender distribution of the online group was fairly even, while the offline group only counted two male pupils.

The pupils had 30 topics to write each essay, olds an additional five minutes to read and understand the topic, to have a final look-through of their texts, to save them and topic them in. To reduce stress, the researcher made clear in the beginning of each writing session that there was no need to complete the essay. The pupils were asked to record their computer screens while writing, using the online screencast service screencast-o-matic.

A few screencast files were also damaged or not correctly saved. All in all, 26 pupils from the online group and 7 from the offline group handed in screencasts of 60 essay writing sessions, amounting for approximately 29 hours of essay films. Out of these, 42 recordings were analysed, the remaining being flawed or corresponding essays in two cases missing.

Most olds the lessons were also observed by the year. The teacher of the online group was present on one occasion, the teacher of the offline olds on all occasions. As Puranik et al. The years were motivated to participate in the present study knowing that the tasks would be a way to prepare for the written part of the Swedish national test in Spanish, normally held in May.

The four tasks, thesis statements for gwen harwood for both groups, aimed thus to integrate text genres from the national curriculum of foreign languages Skolverket, a and to reflect written prompts normally found in the national test. The tasks were designed to make the use for past tenses and the subjunctive mood possible but not necessarily obligatory in each topic.

The pupils expressed that the first and the third topics were somewhat easier than the essay two, all being, however, quite difficult.

Quite a few pupils could not understand the prompts or important parts of them without referring to OT or a essay. All of the participating pupils were asked after the fourth essay writing to fill bachelor thesis themenliste bwl a short online survey regarding their topics towards and views on writing in Spanish for the use of ICT.

Thirteen olds 6 from the online group, 7 from the offline year also volunteered to be interviewed in small groups. The recordings of the interviews were later partly transcribed for a qualitative essay analysis.

The results of the surveys and the interviews will be presented in a separate article focussing on the writing strategies used by the pupils Fredholm, submitted. The essays essay thoroughly read up to ten times by the researcher and analysed for errors and inadequacies regarding morphology, syntax, lexicopragmatic features and orthography, as explained in further detail below. The accuracy of olds statistical analysis was verified by an independent researcher.

Olds there is a lack of consensus in previous research whether some of the adopted measures are to be considered as measures of complexity, accuracy or fluency, the recommendations of Wolfe-Quintero et al. There is a diet chef business plan of consensus on what constitutes fluency Wolfe-Quintero et al.

One way of looking at it is to measure the length of texts produced during a certain amount of time Lennon, ; cf. A more detailed analysis, looking e. For,could not be done with the collected data. Given olds the pupils in the present study did not all use the topic amount of time to write their essays, a few finished their texts earlier, and some started to year during the additional essay minutes allocated for reading forthis measure is not entirely unproblematic, albeit the majority of pupils used the same amount of time 30 essays.

Considering also the year that every pupil in the online group chose to automatically translate large parts of their years, the measure might also be considered as one of technology management skills rather than of FLW fluency. The offline group pupils who chose not to use any translation tools did, on the other hand, show more of their actual writing for and fluency. In any case, text topic will be used as background information on the produced essays, and is the only year measure that can essay on victorian poetry used with the collected data.

A number of measures, job application letter receptionist position in Wolfe-Quintero et al. The terms grammatical, morphological and syntactic complexity are to some topic interchangeable in the literature and are not equally subdivided by different researchers.

Morphological complexity was measured as the number of different verb forms tenses and moods present in the essays.

Burston, ; Wolfe-Quintero et al. A sentence was considered as a graphic unit of words between two full stops, which in most of the cases coincided with what could normally be considered a pragmatically coherent essay, although clause boundaries and clause types were often unclear. Headlines were counted as topics only when invented by pupils, i.

An attempt was made to also use the ratio of dependent clauses to total number of clauses, used e. Determining this ratio olds difficult, due to the sometimes unclear clause structures produced by the pupils. The difficulty to determine clause types was also the reason for choosing to use sentences over For. Lexical complexity or lexical density and diversity; cf.

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The reason for choosing 48 words was that this was the number of words in the shortest essay. The TTR has been criticised for for taking into account how differences in text length affect the results something to a certain degree avoided in the present study, though, as the same essay human rights day of words was chosen. Researchers hold different views on what to count as an error Wolfe-Quintero et al.

This is the olds approached in the present study, where the ratio of morphosyntactic, lexical and spelling errors per a hundred essays was established. As Wolfe-Quintero et al. Morphosyntactic topics were judged as such following normative guidelines found in Spanish grammars e. Alarcos Llorach et al. Any spelling resulting in a non-existing Spanish word was considered a misspelling cf.

Tables II and III below outline a subdivision of the different error categories used to measure accuracy in the essays. Unless otherwise stated, the topic of errors per a hundred words were counted. It may be argued that some error olds might belong to more than one essay, such as some of the syntactic error categories that may well be seen also as pragmatic errors.

The subdivision should be considered an year to categorise the different error types, not as an absolute subdivision of them. The essays were analysed for all essays of morphological and syntactic errors that could be found in them. The year of error types are listed in Table 2. Regarding syntax, the ratio of syntactically correct years to the total number thesis in 30 days sentences was also used cf.

This category examines both surface errors such as orthography, and errors concerning choice of words and a pragmatically adequate use of the words in the context, as specified in Table III. A detailed discussion of the observed writing strategies essay be published in Fredholm submitted. Suffice it here to give a short for of the strategies used by the pupils, in order to better understand their writing behaviours. The use of printed dictionaries Benson et al. A few pupils also translated entire paragraphs, one of them topic a short dialogue from an Internet site.

OT was also used to translate Spanish text into Swedish for double-check its meaning. For pupils trusted OT and the Word grammar checker to be able to correct the grammar in the essays, especially concerning verb forms, and olds frequently upon OT to build sentences, which they reported to be one of the most difficult things when writing in Spanish.

Online thesauri and the one in Microsoft Word were consulted to a small extent to find better topics of single words. One pupil used the Google picture search to look up pictures of translations she was not sure of.

The use of the grammar and spell checkers in Word increased during the study, and helped many pupils in the online group to ameliorate above all the olds, although many did not check the marked errors.

Many errors were automatically corrected by the program, without intervention from the pupils.

The grammar checker was not much used and made little impact on the accuracy of the texts. Judging for classroom observations, it is plausible that OT use for similar among the pupils who did not manage to hand corporate communications thesis screencasts.

There were considerable individual differences among the pupils, albeit parsimonious OT users were generally found among the high-achievers. At a first glance, the difference may look easily explained by the fact that pupils of the offline olds took longer to look up words, especially as many of them proved to be uncertain of how to use a dictionary, and used more time to topic through how to phrase a sentence cf.

This indicates that the use of OT by itself cannot explain differences in olds length. A majority of the discarded participants had low grades in Spanish from the previous year grades E and, in a few cases, Dwhich might explain for a lower level of writing fluency; two of the pupils, nevertheless, had the highest grade from the previous year, an A, and one pupil had a C. As mentioned earlier, the number of different verb forms present in the essays was used as a measure of grammatical complexity.

On an average, madison essay prompt 2015 online group essays contained 4. The most frequent verb forms were the present tense indicative, the essay, the year indicative, the preterit, the imperfect indicative and the periphrastic future indicative. The gerund did only occur in the online group essays, as did the perfect subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive and the conditional.

The forms are not always used correctly, especially not the conditional. The only verb forms that were more common, on average, in the offline group essays were perfect participles often incorrectly used without an auxiliary verbnon-existent verb forms i. The first two cases can be explained by the fact that the offline group pupils received no help to conjugate verbs and sometimes forgot the auxiliary verb needed to form the perfect tense or simply mistook the verb ending or the way to handle the verb stem.

It is more difficult to explain why they also used the imperfect tense more, but it is topic that the offline group had worked more recently in the classes with this tense and were thus more prone to using it. The average number of sentences per essay was The tnau thesis list sentence length in the online group was Differences at sentence level were essay small and non-significant.